Template Components and Usage

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System Relative Flow / Conveyor Belts

System-Relative Flow on Isentropic Surfaces

System-Relative Flow: How can it be used?

Conveyor Belts Associated with Cyclogenesis: Standard Model

Dry Conveyor Belt

Some New Thoughts on the Conveyor Belts Associated with Cyclogenesis

Conveyor Belts Associated with a Mid-Tropospheric, Open-Wave, Weak Surface System

Conveyor Belts Associated with a Mid-Tropospheric, Closed Low, Strong Surface System

The TROWAL

What is a TROWAL

TROWAL Characteristics

TROWAL Structure

Conceptual Model of a TROWAL Associated with a Warm-Type Occlusion

Conceptual Model of a TROWAL Associated with a Cold-Type Occlusion

But...The plot thickens (or at least the clouds)

Two-Dimensional Frontogensis Function

Frontogenetical Circulation

Frontogenetical Circulation (cont.)

Emanuel's Conceptual Model of CSI-Associated Vertical Circulation

Equivalent Potential Vorticity (EPV)

Three-Dimensional Form of EPV Equation

Equivalent Potential Vorticity (EPV)

EPV Tendency Equation from Nicosia and Grumm (1999)

Nicosia and Grumm Model for EPV Reduction Near Extratropical Cyclones

A Conceptual Model: Plan View of Key Processes

A Conceptual model: Cross-sectional View of Key Processes

Southern Missouri and Illinois, 13-14 March 1999

Radar Loop

Satellite IR Loop

Satellite Water Vapor

Snowfall Totals

Surface Observations and MSL Loop

700-hPa Theta-e Loop

700-hPa Frontogenesis

600-hPa HEPV using Theta-es

13 March, Ground-Relative Streamlines and Pressure

13 March, System-Relative Streamlines and Pressure

14 March, Ground-Relative Streamlines and Pressure

14 March, System-Relative Streamlines and Pressure

Surface-500-hPa Mean Relative Humidity

Upper Midwest, 26-27 November 2001

26-27 November 2001 Snowfall Amounts

Satellite IR Loop

Surface Analysis

600-hPa Theta-e Loop

Frontogenesis at 700 and 600 hPa

600-hPa EPV and 700-500-hPa RH and Winds

Satellite Water Vapor Loop

Ground-and-System-Relative Streamlines and Pressure on 296K Surface

Ground-and-System-Relative Omega on 296K Surface

Ground-and-System-Relative Moisture Transport on 296K Surface

Satellite IR with Overlays

600-hPa Theta-e, 800h-Pa EPV, 800-600-hPa Frontogenesis, 296K S-R Streamlines

Vis5D 306K Theta-e

Summary

Conclusions

Contributors

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Bibliography


Carlson, Toby N. 1980: Airflow through midlatitude cyclones and the comma cloud pattern. Monthly Weather Review. Vol. 108, No. 10, 1498–1509.

Carlson, Toby N., 1992: Mid-Latitude Weather Systems. HarperCollins, 435 pp.

Danielson, Edwin F., 1964: Project Springfield Report, Defense Atomic Support Agency Report 1517. Defense Documentation Center.
Djuric, Dusan, 1994: Chapter 10. Weather Analysis. Prentice Hall.

Emanuel, Kerry A. 1985: Frontal circulations in the presence of small moist symmetric stability. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, Vol. 42, No. 10, 1062-1071

Graves, Charles E., and James T. Moore, Marc J. Singer, and Sam Ng, 2003: Band on the Run - Chasing the Physical Processes Associated with Heavy Snowfall. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, Vol. 84, No. 8, pp. 990–994.

Martin, Jonathan E. 1999: Quasigeostrophic forcing of ascent in the occluded sector of cyclones and the trowal airstream. Monthly Weather Review, Vol. 127, No. 1, 70-88

McCann, Donald W. 1995: Three-dimensional computations of equivalent potential vorticity. Weather and Forecasting. Vol. 10, No. 4, pp. 798–802.

Nicosia, David J., and Richard H. Grumm, 1999: Mesoscale band formation in three major northeastern United States snowstorms. Weather and Forecasting, Vol. 14, No. 3, 346-368

Palmen, Eric H., and Chester W. Newton, 1969: Atmospheric Circulation Systems: Their Structure & Physical Interpretation. Academic Press, 310

Penner, C. M., 1955: A three-front model for synoptic analyses. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 81, 89-91
Petterssen, S. 1956: Mothion and Motion Systems. McGraw Hill Text.

Schultz, David M. 2001: Reexamining the cold conveyor belt. Monthly Weather Review. Vol. 129, No. 9, 2205–2225.

Schultz, David M. and Schumacher, Philip N., 1999: The use and misuse of conditional symmetric instability. Monthly Weather Review. Vol. 127, No. 12, pp. 2709–2732.

Sumner, A, 2001: Comprehensive evaluation of cool season elevated convection in the central U.S. M.S. Thesis. Saint Louis University, 132 pp. (viewed online, August 2003: http://www.eas.slu.edu/CIPS/Presentations/Defenses/Sumner/index.htm)
 
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