MetEd: Meteorology Education and Training. Operated by the COMET Program

Description:
This distance learning course provides ocean forecasters with a solid foundation for more advanced study in oceanography. The three modules that comprise this course provide introductions to tides, currents, and ocean models.

* Introduction to Ocean Tides provides an introduction to the origin, characteristics, and prediction of tides.
* Introduction to Ocean Currents discusses the origin of ocean currents in both the open ocean and in coastal areas.
* Introduction to Ocean Models discusses how models combine observations and physics to predict the ocean temperature, salinity, and currents.

Estimated time to complete: 4-5 h

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Description:
This course is composed of five core topic elements. It begins with a Webcast introducing forecasters to typical marine forecast customers and their wind and wave concerns. The second module discusses wave traits and how they change once they become swell. It serves as building block to the subsequent modules on wave generation, propagation, and dispersion. The Wave Life Cycle I: Generation module examines how wind creates waves and the inter-relationships between wind speed, wind duration, and fetch length. Following that module, Wave Life Cycle II: Propagation & Dispersion, teaches marine forecasters to manually predict how wave height and period change as waves leave their generation area, become swell, and then propagate and disperse. The final element of the course is a resource guide primarily intended for experienced forecasters that may be new to marine forecast responsibilities. The guide highlights differences between the marine boundary layer and terrestrial boundary layer winds. Course certification requires completion of these five core topic elements which takes 7 - 9 hours.

Estimated time to complete: 7 - 9 h

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Description:
This Webcast covers the ocean surface wind retrieval process, the basics of microwave polarization as it relates to wind retrievals, and several operational examples. Information on the development of microwave sensors used to retrieve ocean surface wind speed and the ocean surface wind vector (speed and direction) is also included.

Objectives:
State some key meteorological applications for ocean surface winds

• Describe the benefits of using microwave remote sensing to observe ocean winds
• Describe the differences between active and passive microwave remote sensing
• Describe in general terms, the emission, transmission, and scattering of microwave energy within the Earth-atmosphere system
• State the key assumptions for derivation of wind speed and direction from passive observation of microwave radiation
• Describe the limitations of passive microwave remote sensing and impacts on deriving wind speed and direction (this applies to both product limits and accuracy)
• Use cloud liquid water imagery to help assess the validity of the wind speed and direction vector

Estimated time to complete: 45 min

Includes audio: yes

Required plug-ins:   Flash RealPlayer Java Adobe® Reader®
 * Plug-in information

Last published on: 2005-11-28

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Description:
This module describes the main elements to consider when analyzing wave model and buoy data. The module focuses on data products available from NOAA including spectral plots, maps, and text bulletins. East and West Coast wave-masking exercises conclude the module. The content in this module is an excerpt from the previously published COMET module Rip Currents: Forecasting.

Objectives:
At the end of this module, you should be able to do the following:

* Describe wave data available from the NDBC website and its limitations
* Using a spectral density plot for a buoy:
     (1) Determine the number of wave groups
     (2) Determine the peak period
* List the parameters that are determined by a wave model
* Describe a polar wave spectrum plot
* Describe the information available in a NWW3 text bulletin
* Use a polar wave spectrum plot to determine the following:
     (1) direction and period of wind waves and swell groups
     (2) number of wave/swell groups
* Use a NWW3 text bulletin to determine the following:
     (1) direction, period, and significant wave height of wind waves and swell groups
     (2) number of wave/swell groups
* Using buoy observations and wave model products determine the height and period of swell likely to strike a given coastline
* Describe what is meant by wave masking and how it might affect a surf forecast along the coast
* Using buoy observations and wave model products determine whether a wave model initialized well
* Describe the conditions under which a wave model simulation might be in error, and what errors might subsequently result

Estimated time to complete: 1 h

Includes audio: yes

Required plug-ins:   Flash RealPlayer Java Adobe® Reader®
 * Plug-in information

Last published on: 2008-08-13

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Description:
This module starts with a forecast scenario that occurs along the California coast. The module then proceeds to describe the structure and climatology of these disturbances, as well as their synoptic and mesoscale evolution. The instruction concludes with a section on forecasting coastally trapped wind reversals. The module also includes a concise summary for quick reference and a final exam to test your knowledge. Like other modules in the Mesoscale Meteorology Primer, this module comes with audio narration, rich graphics, and a companion print version.

Objectives:
At the end of the module you should be able to do the following things:

With regard to characteristics of CTWRs

• Describe how pressure, temperature, and wind change with passage of a coastally trapped wind reversal (CTWR)
• Recall how quickly CTWRs propagate up the U.S. West Coast
• Recall why SLP rises after passage of a CTWR
• Locate areas likely to experience CTWRs on a physical map of the world
• Recall the frequency of CTWRs along the California coast
• Explain why CTWRs are best explained as a Kelvin wave, rather than a gravity wave

With regard to the structure of CTWRs

• Describe how the MBL changes with passage of a CTWR
• Recognize how a cross-coast profile of the MBL changes during a CTWR
• Recognize a CTWR on a wind profiler record
• Recall the height at which wind first reverses direction as a CTWR propagates
• Recall the association of stratus formation with CTWRs

With regard to the synoptic evolution of CTWRs

• Describe how MSLP, 850-mb heights, and 500-mb heights depart from climatologic norms during a CTWR
• Describe how changes in MSLP and 850-mb pressure force low-level offshore winds, and how this affects sensible weather along the coast
• Describe how variations in MSLP affect along-shore pressure gradients
With regard to the mesoscale evolution of CTWRs
• Recall how the synoptic setup forces the mesoscale offshore low
• Recall how the offshore low moves during a CTWR
• Describe how coastal mountains force ageostrophic flow
• Recall how coastal mountains contribute to warming of offshore winds
• Describe how and why a mesoscale high forms along the coast
• Recall the factors that cause northward propagation of the CTWR

With regard to forecasting CTWRs

• Recall the 3 best synoptic clues for forecasting a CTWR
• Recall where the offshore low forms with respect to the low-level offshore flow
• Recall where the stratus surge initiates with respect to the offshore low
• Describe the use and limitations of mesoscale NWP models in predicting CTWRs

Estimated time to complete: 1.5-2 h

Includes audio: yes

Required plug-ins:   Flash RealPlayer Java Adobe® Reader®
 * Plug-in information

Last published on: 2002-08-06

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Description:
This exercise tracks Hurricane Michael as it moved into the Maritime region of the Canadian east coast in October, 2000. Analyze data and respond to questions focusing on forecasting the progression of the storm. This case exercise accompanies the Webcast, Hurricanes Canadian Style: Extratropical Transition.

Objectives:
• Distinguish between meteorological parameters favorable to tropical cyclone strengthening and weakening
• Identify meteorological parameters favorable for extratropical transition
• Apply the guidelines used for forecasting the motion of a tropical cyclone undergoing extratropical transition

Estimated time to complete: 30-45 min

Includes audio: yes

Required plug-ins:   Flash RealPlayer Java Adobe® Reader®
 * Plug-in information

Last published on: 2002-06-06

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Description:
Fog frequently forms in response to dynamically forced changes in the boundary layer. This module examines dynamically forced fog in the coastal and marine environment, focusing on advection fog, steam fog, and west coast type fog. The focus of the module is on the boundary layer evolution of air parcels as they traverse trajectories over land and water. The module also examines mesoscale effects that impact the distribution of fog and low-level stratus over short distances. A general discussion of forecast products and methodologies concludes the module.

Objectives:
After completing this module, the learner should be able to do the following things:

With regard to the general features of dynamically forced fog and stratus:

• Describe the differences in boundary layer characteristics and evolution for advection, West Coast, and steam fog in a marine environment
• Describe the differences in synoptic environments for advection, West Coast, and steam fog in a marine environment
• Describe the relationship of sea surface temperature to fog formation for advection, West Coast, and steam fog in a marine environment
With regard to advection fog:
• Describe the general synoptic environment that is conducive to fog formation
• List at least 2 ways that subtropical high-pressure systems contribute to the formation of advection fog
• Describe the evolution of the boundary layer along an air parcel trajectory that leads to advection fog
• Describe how sea surface temperature changes along an air parcel trajectory that leads to advection fog
• Recall the origins of strong sea surface temperature gradients
• On a world map, identify areas prone to advection fog
• Recall the seasonality of advection fog

With regard to West Coast fog and low stratus:

• Describe the general synoptic environment that is conducive to fog formation
• List at least 2 ways that subtropical high-pressure systems contribute to the formation of West Coast fog and low stratus
• Describe the evolution of the boundary layer along an air parcel trajectory that leads to West Coast fog and low stratus
• List at least 2 ways that the boundary layer cools to saturation in a West Coast fog/stratus event.
• Recall the role of upwelling in the formation of West Coast fog and low stratus
• On a world map, identify areas prone to West Coast fog and low stratus
• Recall the seasonality of West Coast fog and low stratus
With regard to steam fog:
• Describe the general synoptic environment that is conducive to fog formation
• Describe the characteristics and evolution of the boundary layer along an air parcel trajectory that leads to steam fog
• On a world map, identify areas prone to steam fog
• Recall the seasonality of steam fog events

With regard to mesoscale influences upon dynamically forced fog:

• Describe the effects of coastal topography in fog formation
• Describe how coastal jets affect fog formation and dissipation
• Describe how sea breezes affect fog formation and dissipation
• Describe the impact of local variations in sea surface temperature on fog formation and dissipation

With regard to forecasting dynamically forced fog:

• Describe the general approach to forecasting fog
• List at least 4 critical atmospheric fields to monitor in plan view when forecasting fog
• List at least 4 critical atmospheric fields to monitor in vertical profiles when forecasting fog
• Describe the limitations of NWP models in fog forecasting

Estimated time to complete: 3 h

Includes audio: yes

Required plug-ins:   Flash RealPlayer Java Adobe® Reader®
 * Plug-in information

Last published on: 2005-03-01

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Description:
This module discusses the origin of ocean currents in both the open ocean and in coastal areas. The module focuses on the driving mechanisms for currents, along with influences that modify existing currents. Driving mechanisms include wind, horizontal density differences, and tides, while modifying effects include friction, bathymetry, and the Ekman spiral. The module concludes with a demonstration of data products and a brief overview of forecast considerations.

Objectives:
After completing this module, the learner should be able to do the following things:

1. Identify the locations of the major and minor ocean currents and describe their origin
1. List the factors that cause ocean currents
2. Describe how each factor influences ocean currents
2. Characterize open-ocean currents in terms of temperature, volume (transport), and speed.
3. Describe the origin of strong horizontal and vertical temperature, salinity, and density gradients in both open ocean and coastal ocean environments.
4. Describe the effects of friction, bathymetry, and Coriolis force on ocean currents in both open ocean and coastal ocean environments.
5. Explain the role of ocean currents in the global distribution of heat (i.e., the earth's heat budget).
1. Define global meridional overturning circulation (MOC)
2. Describe the origin of North Atlantic Deep Water and Antarctic Bottom Water
6. Describe current prediction methods and forecast considerations

Estimated time to complete: 2 h

Includes audio: yes

Required plug-ins:   Flash RealPlayer Java Adobe® Reader®
 * Plug-in information

Last published on: 2007-10-04

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Description:
Oceans cover over 70% of the surface of the earth, yet many details of their workings are not fully understood. To better understand and forecast the state of the ocean, we rely on numerical ocean models. Ocean models combine observations and physics to predict the ocean temperature, salinity, and currents at any time and any place across the ocean basins. This module will discuss what goes into numerical ocean models, including model physics, coordinate systems, parameterization, initialization, and boundary conditions.

Objectives:
1. Explain the similarities and differences between ocean and atmospheric modeling.
2. Explain the physical laws and processes that must be considered in developing an ocean model.
3. Explain how the physical properties of the ocean differ from those of the atmosphere.
4. Explain the processes that are built into a numerical ocean model.
5. Explain how resolution and scale are important to global, regional, and local ocean models.
6. Describe a numerical model and how it can be used as a prediction tool.
7. Explain how real-time observations and climatology contribute to ocean models.

Estimated time to complete: 1-2 h

Includes audio: yes

Required plug-ins:   Flash RealPlayer Java Adobe® Reader®
 * Plug-in information

Last published on: 2007-08-06

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Description:
Ocean tides profoundly impact coastal maritime operations. This module provides an introduction to the origin, characteristics, and prediction of tides. After introducing common terminology, the module examines the mechanisms that cause and modify tides, including both astronomical and meteorological effects. A discussion of tide prediction techniques and products concludes the module. This module includes rich graphics, audio narration, embedded interactions, and a companion print version.

Objectives:
1. List and define terms used to describe tides.
2. List and define the forces that cause and modify tides.
3. Define tidal constituents.
4. Describe tidal datum and why it is important.
5. Describe tide prediction methods
6. Explain when to use tidal observations vs. models

Estimated time to complete: 45 min

Includes audio: yes

Required plug-ins:   Flash RealPlayer Java Adobe® Reader®
 * Plug-in information

Last published on: 2006-09-22

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Description:
Chapter 5, Tropical Variability, is the fourth published chapter of the online textbook, Introduction to Tropical Meteorology. This chapter presents an overview of the major cycles dominating intraseasonal and interannual variability in the tropics. Characteristic atmospheric and oceanic patterns for each oscillation are presented and methods for tracking the evolution of these cycles are described. Observations and conceptual models of equatorial waves are presented. Classical solutions for equatorial waves are outlined and the effects of moisture on the expression of these waves are discussed. Since the tropics are not an isolated region of the globe, the impacts of these cycles on higher latitudes are also explored. In view of the recent interest on the effects of long-term climate variability, the potential role of multidecadal oscillations in modulating these shorter cycles is discussed.

Objectives:
At the end of this chapter, you should understand and be able to:
o Describe the basic structure and time scale of the MJO
o Discuss the mechanisms that form the MJO
o Explain the role of the MJO in atmospheric and oceanic variability
o Describe the general characteristics of equatorial waves (Kelvin waves, Rossby waves, Mixed Rossby-Gravity waves) including length scale, duration, and speed
o Explain equatorial wave formation mechanisms graphically or mathematically
o Describe the Walker Circulation
o Define the Southern Oscillation Index
o Describe ENSO in terms of onset, maximum amplitude, and duration
o Describe the previous and current theories of ENSO (from Bjerknes to recent theories such as the delayed oscillator theory or chaotic theory)
o Compare and contrast the warm phase (El Niño) and cold phase (La Niña) patterns in terms of atmospheric and oceanic anomalies across the equatorial Pacific
o Describe at least five climate impacts of El Niño (e.g., drought in Australia, heavy rains in Peru, more winter cyclones across the southern US and the Caribbean, less hurricanes in the Atlantic)
o Describe at least five climate impacts of La Niña (e.g., increased rainfall in West Pacific, drier winter in the southeastern US, wetter summers in the Caribbean and Central America)
o Define the Quasi Biennial Oscillation
o Describe its impact on tropical climate (e.g., influencing seasonal tropical cyclone formation)
o Provide a brief description of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation, the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation, and the North Atlantic Oscillation
o Describe at least one mechanism by which the tropics can force decadal extratropical variability in the North Atlantic and the North Pacific
o Describe at least one impact of decadal fluctuations on interannual and intraseasonal variability

Estimated time to complete: 2 - 3 h

Includes audio: yes

Required plug-ins:   Flash RealPlayer Java Adobe® Reader®
 * Plug-in information

Last published on: 2009-03-19

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Description:
Altimeters onboard satellites such as Jason-2 measure sea surface height and other characteristics of the ocean surface. These characteristics are linked to underlying processes and structures, making altimetry data useful for understanding the full depth of the global ocean. This 75-minute module explores major discoveries made possible by altimetry data in oceanography, marine meteorology, the marine geosciences, climate studies, the cryosphere, and hydrology. For example, altimeters have played a vital role in detecting and monitoring sea level rise and its relation to climate change. The module also describes many of the practical applications of altimetry data, for example, in hurricane forecasting and monitoring climate events such as ENSO. Finally, the module describes Jason-2, which was launched in 2008, its products and services, and the Ocean Surface Topography Mission (OSTM), of which it is a part. OSTM is a collaboration between EUMETSAT and CNES (Europe) and NOAA and NASA (United States).

Objectives:
After completing this module, learners will be able to:

* Briefly describe how satellite altimetry works
* Identify major scientific discoveries enabled by satellite altimetry in various ocean-related fields
* Describe the varied applications of altimetry data
* Identify the goals of the Ocean Surface Topography Mission (OSTM) and Jason-2
* List the basic performance capabilities of Jason-2

Estimated time to complete: 1.00 - 1.25 h

Includes audio: yes

Required plug-ins:   Flash RealPlayer Java Adobe® Reader®
 * Plug-in information

Last published on: 2009-06-25

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Description:
Low-level coastal jets occur along many coastlines. Winds may exceed 35 knots and lead to high waves and significant low-level vertical wind shear. Thus, low-level coastal jets present a hazard to both marine and aviation operations in the coastal zone. This core module describes the features of coastal jets and explores the conditions under which they form. Like other foundation modules in the Mesoscale Primer, this module starts with a forecast scenario and concludes with a concise summary and a final exam. By the end of this module, you should have sufficient background to diagnose and forecast coastal jets around the world and to use this knowledge to understand the implications for operational decisions.

Objectives:
After completing this module, the learner should be able to do the following things.

With regard to the features of coastal jets:

• Describe a coastal jet; its location, size, strength, and operational impacts
• Describe the synoptic conditions that lead to a coastal jet
• Describe the boundary layer structure that results in a coastal jet
• Describe the role of coastal mountains in the formation of coastal jets

With regard to the thermal structure and forcing of coastal jets:

• Describe how a cool, well-mixed marine boundary layer leads to a baroclinic structure
• Identify an appropriate baroclinic structure for a coastal jet in a vertical cross section of potential temperature
• Given a global plot of sea level pressure, identify locations that are prone to coastal jets
• Recall the difference in conditions that lead to a coastal jet as opposed to a sea breeze
• Recall the origins of cool sea surface temperatures (SSTs)
• On a world map, identify areas prone to cold ocean currents and coastal upwelling

With regard to along-coast variations of coastal jets:

• Given a map of California or Oman, identify local regions of maximum and minimum wind speeds within a coastal jet
• Recall the correlation of wind speed with mesoscale variations in sea level pressure and thickness of the marine boundary layer
• Describe how hydraulic theory can explain variations in the thickness of the marine boundary layer

With regard to forecasting coastal jets:

• On a synoptic scale, recognize the structure that leads to a coastal jet at the surface and at 850 hPa
• On the mesoscale, recognize areas that are prone to local wind maxima within a coastal jet
• Recall which satellite sensors will help detect coastal jets

Estimated time to complete: 1-2 h

Includes audio: yes

Required plug-ins:   Flash RealPlayer Java Adobe® Reader®
 * Plug-in information

Last published on: 2004-08-16

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Description:
The Marine Wave Model Matrix provides information on the formulation of wave models developed by the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) and other modeling centers, including how these models forecast the generation, propagation, and dissipation of ocean waves using NWP model forecasts for winds and near-surface temperature and stability. Additionally, information is provided on data assimilation, post-processing of data, and verfication of wave models currently in operation. Within the post-processing pages are links to forecast output both in graphical and raw form, including links for data downloads. Links to COMET training on wave processes are also provided.

Estimated time to complete: 30 min

Includes audio: no

Required plug-ins:   Flash RealPlayer Java Adobe® Reader®
 * Plug-in information

Last published on: 2006-05-16

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Description:
This module examines mesoscale ocean circulation models and features and processes that they predict. These models simulate temperature, salinity, currents, and elevation in 3 dimensions through a period of time. They have sufficient resolution to simulate features like fronts, eddies, upwelling, and internal tides. In this module, we examine current operational models, limitations to model forecasts, examples of predicted ocean features, and potential applications.

Objectives:
After completing this module, you should be able to do the following things:
1. List the properties that ocean models forecast
2. Recall the size of features that mesoscale ocean models can forecast
3. Describe the assumptions that go into an ocean model
4. List the limitations to ocean model forecasts
5. Identify the following ocean structures in forecast products:
• Current systems
• Fronts
• Eddies
6. Identify the following ocean phenomena in forecast products:
• Eddy formation and dissipation
• Upwelling
• Internal tides
7. Describe operational applications of ocean models
8. Recall the major defining attributes of the following operational ocean models:
• Navy Layered Ocean Model (NLOM)
• Navy Coastal Ocean Model (NCOM)
• Hybrid Coordinate Ocean Model (HYCOM)
• Shallow Water Analysis and Forecast System (SWAFS)
• Advanced Circulation Model (ADCIRC)

Estimated time to complete: 1.00 - 1.25 h

Includes audio: yes

Required plug-ins:   Flash RealPlayer Java Adobe® Reader®
 * Plug-in information

Last published on: 2009-05-21

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Description:
This module presents an overview of space-based microwave remote sensing for environmental applications. It provides basic information on polar-orbiting satellite characteristics, current microwave instruments, and the imagery and products currently available from these sensors. Special attention is given to the improvements expected in the NPOESS era. This module is an introduction to other, more in-depth modules covering the science and application of cloud, precipitation, water vapor, land and sea surface observations.

Objectives:
• Describe how microwave remote sensing compliments visible and infrared observations
• Describe the general spatial and temporal coverage characteristics of microwave observations from polar-orbiting satellites
• Define data latency and explain why it occurs
• Describe the improvements to data latency coming in 2006, and then in the NPOESS era
• List several products that rely on microwave remote sensing
• Explain the fundamental difference between active versus passive remote sensing
• State the six “key” NPOESS Environmental Data Records (EDRs) considered essential to weather and climate monitoring and prediction
• Describe the importance and impact of microwave observations on numerical weather prediction models
• State the key differences between microwave and radiosonde sounding of atmospheric temperature and moisture
• Describe radio frequency interference as it relates to microwave observations, its geographical distribution, and potential impact on products

Estimated time to complete: 40 min

Includes audio: yes

Required plug-ins:   Flash RealPlayer Java Adobe® Reader®
 * Plug-in information

Last published on: 2006-04-03

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Description:
Ocean waves near shore impact public safety, commerce, navigation, and, of course recreation. Predicting these waves has driven efforts to model them for more than two decades. This module introduces forecasters to different nearshore wave models, including phase-resolving and 1- and 2-dimensional spectral models. It describes the processes that wave models simulate, the assumptions they make, the initial and boundary conditions required to run the models, and potential sources of error in model forecasts. While focusing on SWAN, the module also examines the Navy Standard surf Model and Bouss-2D.

Objectives:
1. List the major types of nearshore wave models.
2. Describe the model output from the different types of wave models.
3. Describe how SWAN differs from deepwater wave models like WAVEWATCH III and WAM.
4. List the sources and sinks of wave energy in SWAN.
5. Describe the physical processes that SWAN simulates to accurately propagate waves.
6. List the types of initial conditions for a SWAN model simulation.
7. Explain which initial conditions are essential and under what circumstances.
8. List the data sources for initial conditions for a SWAN model run and describe how those initial conditions are applied.
9. Describe the difference between running SWAN in stationary and non-stationary modes.
10. List the advantages and disadvantages for each SWAN mode.
11. Describe the sources of error in SWAN simulations.
12. Describe how the Navy Standard Surf Model works and how it differs from SWAN.
13. List the parameters that are output from the Navy Standard Surf Model.
14. Describe the assumptions of the Navy Standard Surf Model.

Estimated time to complete: 1.00 - 1.25 h

Includes audio: yes

Required plug-ins:   Flash RealPlayer Java Adobe® Reader®
 * Plug-in information

Last published on: 2009-05-19

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Description:
North Wall events refer to high wind and wave events that occur along the north edge of warm, fast, western boundary currents. These events occur along the Gulf Stream off the mid-Atlantic states of the U.S. and along the Kuroshio Current near Japan and Taiwan. This module explores the relationships between atmospheric stability, winds, waves, and ocean currents during North Wall events. Using three different case studies, we examine the relevant aspects of several topics, including the synoptic setting, ocean currents, evolution of the marine boundary layer, growth of ocean waves, and potential wave-current interactions.

Objectives:
After completing the module, you should be able to do the following:

With regard to Synoptic conditions:

* Identify the synoptic weather pattern that may result in a North Wall event.
* Identify the oceanographic setting that favors a North Wall event.

With regard to the marine boundary layer (MBL):

* Describe the evolution of the MBL during a cold season North Wall event.
* Describe the evolution of the MBL during warm and cold air advection.
* Describe the synoptic and oceanographic conditions that lead to an unstable MBL.

With regard to winds in the MBL:

* Describe how the SST-air temperature difference affects MBL stability.
* Describe how MBL stability affects wind speeds at the surface.
* Describe why NWP models may have difficulty forecasting accurate surface wind speeds during a North Wall event.

With regard to ocean waves during a North Wall event:

* List the 3 basic factors that contribute to wave growth.
* Assess the reliability of a model wave forecast using a wave nomogram.
* Assess the reliability of a model wave forecast using ship and buoy observations.

With regard to wave-current interactions:

* Describe the wave-current interactions that increase wave heights.
* Estimate the changes to swell that occur when it runs into an opposing current.
* Describe how waves refract in the presence of current loops and meanders.
* Describe conditions leading to rogue waves.

Estimated time to complete: 3-3.5 h

Includes audio: yes

Required plug-ins:   Flash RealPlayer Java Adobe® Reader®
 * Plug-in information

Last published on: 2008-09-09

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Description:
In this webcast, Dr. Hendrik Tolman (NOAA Marine Analysis Branch) discusses the operational use of NOAA WAVEWATCH III. The NOAA WAVEWATCH III is a forecast system that predicts wind-generated ocean waves. Dr. Tolman discusses what WAVEWATCH III can and cannot predict along with the model physics, numerics, and forecast products. Numerous examples illustrate the practical effects of several recent model improvements including high-resolution hurricane winds, surf zone physics, wave partitioning, and use of a multi-grid mosaic. The webcast concludes with a discussion of future improvements planned for the wave forecast system.

Objectives:
* Describe the types of waves simulated by WAVEWATCH III.
* Describe the information contained in a wave spectral plot.
* Describe the information contained in a wave spectral text bulletin and how it differs from a spectral plot.
* List the forecast products released by NOAA in 2-D map format.

* List and describe the statistical properties of waves commonly derived from WAVEWATCH III output.
* Define Significant Wave Height and its relationship to the maximum wave height one might expect to encounter.
* Define Freak Waves and explain why WAVEWATCH does not predict them.

* Describe wave field partitioning in WAVEWATCH III.
* Describe where the greatest number of partitioned wave fields is typically found in the oceans and why.

* List the processes that are parameterized by WAVEWATCH III.
* List the processes that are directly predicted by WAVEWATCH III without parameterization

* Describe the WAVEWATCH III multi-grid mosaic and its benefits.
* Describe the benefits to placing small, unresolved islands into the model grid as obstructions.

* Describe the source of wind data used within WAVEWATCH III.
* Describe the benefits of running WAVEWATCH III with winds from Hurricane models and from forecaster-generated NDFD grids.

* Describe the sources of errors in WAVEWATCH III predictions.
* Describe how WAVEWATCH III ensembles are generated and applied.

Estimated time to complete: 1.5 hr

Includes audio: yes

Required plug-ins:   Flash RealPlayer Java Adobe® Reader®
 * Plug-in information

Last published on: 2008-11-05

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Description:
This module introduces forecasters to the use of microwave image products for observing and analyzing tropical cyclones. Microwave data from polar-orbiting satellites is crucial to today’s operational forecasters, and particularly for those with maritime forecasting responsibilities where in situ observations are sparse. This module includes information on storm structure and techniques for improved storm positioning using the 37 and 85-91 GHz channels from several satellite sensors. Information on current sensors and on the product availability in the NPOESS era is also presented.

Objectives:
• Explain how single channel and multispectral microwave imagery can be used to locate centers of circulation and other features within tropical cyclones
• Explain how parallax error affects imagery from different microwave channels
• Identify satellites that carry microwave imagers and sounders
• Contrast active and passive microwave remote sensing strategies
• Contrast conical and cross-track scanning strategies
• Explain how clouds, precipitation, and the ocean surface interact with microwave
energy at different frequencies
• Associate storm characteristics with features observed in microwave imagery

Estimated time to complete: 60 min

Includes audio: yes

Required plug-ins:   Flash RealPlayer Java Adobe® Reader®
 * Plug-in information

Last published on: 2004-11-10

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Description:
This Webcast features Dr. Michael Freilich (Oregon State University, principal investigator on the QuikSCAT project for NSF) introducing and discussing the fundamentals of scatterometry and how they apply to the SeaWinds instrument on QuikSCAT. Dr. Freilich also describes how the model function is used to derive wind speed and direction from multiple collocated measurements.

Objectives:
• Describe the process of active remote sensing
• State the wavelengths used for deriving ocean surface wind speed and direction
• State the main variables that are used in the model function for deriving wind vectors (speed and direction)
• Define azimuth angle as it relates to satellite remote sensing geometry
• Define the incidence angle as it relates to satellite remote sensing geometry
• State the atmospheric conditions when wind vectors may be compromised
• Compare the scan strategies of fan beam and conical scatterometers
• Explain why certain parts of a conical scatterometer swath may have compromised accuracy

Estimated time to complete: 40 min

Includes audio: yes

Required plug-ins:   Flash RealPlayer Java Adobe® Reader®
 * Plug-in information

Last published on: 2004-07-14

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Description:
This is the third and final part in a training series on rip currents. The topic of forecasting daily rip current risk can be explored by operational forecasters, many of whom do not have a physical oceanography background. The hazards of rip currents and a review of the factors that contribute to rip current development are discussed. To demonstrate the process of a rip current forecast and as an example of what can locally be developed at the user’s station, the module presents a rip current worksheet that is used operationally at some forecast offices. Various parts of this worksheet require the use of observed data and model output. These resources range from NOS Detailed Wave Summary reports to NOAA WAVEWATCH III model polar plots of wave spectral energy. The usage of these products in terms of rip current forecasting using the worksheet is explained in detail. In particular, the issue of “wave masking” in the 2-D model plots is illustrated. In order to practice with the products presented, the user is provided two cases (East and West Coasts). Other factors discussed include tide and lake levels as well as situational awareness. Lastly, a summary of important points from the module and experienced forecast offices is provided. Users are encouraged to examine the state of their office’s rip current program and develop a plan for improvement based on concepts and ideas presented in this module.

Objectives:
1. Describe the important elements that determine rip current risk.
2. Describe a process and resources that can be used to develop a local rip current forecast scheme.
3. Given wave data, determine whether wave masking is occurring and what the appropriate swell or wave components are to assess rip current risk.
4. Describe factors, other than swell and wind waves, that can alter rip current risk.

Estimated time to complete: 2-3 h

Includes audio: yes

Required plug-ins:   Flash RealPlayer Java Adobe® Reader®
 * Plug-in information

Last published on: 2006-08-11

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Description:
This module provides insight into how nearshore circulation and wave dynamics are involved in rip current formation. Topics covered in this module include: nearshore terminology, circulation and waves, rip current characteristics, and rip current forcing mechanisms. This module is the second of three modules covering the forecasting of rip currents.

Objectives:
After completing the module users will be able to:

• Describe the various zones, bathymetry features, and currents of the near shore environment.
• Describe shallow water, near shore process.
• Describe rip current characteristics.
• Describe rip current forcing mechanisms.

Estimated time to complete: 40 min

Includes audio: yes

Required plug-ins:   Flash RealPlayer Java Adobe® Reader®
 * Plug-in information

Last published on: 2004-12-13

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Description:
This 20-minute webcast by Timothy Schott of the National Weather Service's Marine and Coastal Weather Services Branch discusses the basics of rip current formation and detection and the partnerships between the National Weather Service, National Sea Grant College Program, and the United States Lifesaving Association as they relate to rip current safety. Rip Currents is one of three modules on forecasting rip currents.

Estimated time to complete: 20 min

Includes audio: yes

Required plug-ins:   Flash RealPlayer Java Adobe® Reader®
 * Plug-in information

Last published on: 2004-08-16

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Description:
This is the fourth module in our series on open water waves. As deep-water
waves approach the coastline, they encounter shallower water and begin to
interact with the sea floor while evolving into shallow water waves. This
module uses an interactive wave calculator to look at a variety of shallow-water wave behaviors, including shoaling, refraction, reflection, breaking, attenuation, and coastal
run-up and set-up. All are important considerations when forecasting for
small craft and other recreational interests in the near-shore
environment.

Objectives:
By the end of this module, you will have learned:

* What transformations waves undergo as they move from deep water into shallow water

* How to describe and predict the effects of shallow-water processes such as shoaling, refraction, and attenuation

* How to identify and distinguish between the various breaker types, matching them with their corresponding bathymetry

* How to predict the effects of interactions between waves and currents

* The difference between wave run-up and set-up, and how to estimate them

Estimated time to complete: 1.5 h

Includes audio: yes

Required plug-ins:   Flash RealPlayer Java Adobe® Reader®
 * Plug-in information

Last published on: 2006-08-01

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Description:
This module describes the phenomena of the sea breeze. It examines factors that lead to the formation of a sea breeze, modifying effects on sea breeze development, how mesoscale NWP models handle sea breezes, and sea breeze forecast parameters. The module places instruction in the context of a sea breeze case from Florida and compares surface and satellite observations to a model simulation using the AFWA MM5. Like other modules in the Mesoscale Meteorology Primer, this module comes with audio narration, rich graphics, and a companion print version.

Objectives:
Terminal Objectives
By the end of this module you will be able to describe how and why, when and where sea breezes occur

Enabling Objectives
By the end of this module you will be able to do the following:
1. Describe when and where sea breezes form
2. Characterize the sea breeze in terms of strength and horizontal and vertical extent
3. List the principle factors that affect sea breeze formation
4. List the sensible weather associated with formation and passage of a sea breeze front
5. Describe the use and limitations of NWP model simulations of sea breezes.
6. Describe how satellite imagery can assist in detecting sea breezes

Estimated time to complete: 1 h

Includes audio: yes

Required plug-ins:   Flash RealPlayer Java Adobe® Reader®
 * Plug-in information

Last published on: 2002-12-12

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Description:
This module brings together six short lessons about significant atmospheric and oceanic influences on tropical cyclone development in the Atlantic Ocean. Topics treated include the African Easterly Jet, the Loop Current, the Meridional Overturning Circulation, ocean heat content, the Saharan Air Layer, and the Tropical Upper Tropospheric Trough, or TUTT.

Objectives:
1. With regard to the African Easterly Jet, describe its origin, typical spatial extent, and impacts on tropical cyclogenesis.
2. With regard to the Loop Current , describe its evolution, areal extent, and influence on tropical cyclone evolution in the Gulf of Mexico.
3. Describe the physical mechanisms of the Meridional Overturning Circulation and how it affects Atlantic Ocean hurricane activity.
4. Describe how ocean heat content impacts hurricane evolution. Identify scenarios in which its impacts vary with depth of warm water.
5. State how ocean heat content is calculated.
6. With regard to the Saharan Air Layer, describe its origin, typical spatial extent, and impacts on tropical cyclone development and evolution in the Atlantic Ocean.
7. State the climatology of the occurrence of the TUTT in the North Atlantic, including its typical vertical location.
8. Describe physical mechanisms by which the TUTT can both enhance and suppress tropical cyclone development.

Estimated time to complete: .50-.75 h

Includes audio: yes

Required plug-ins:   Flash RealPlayer Java Adobe® Reader®
 * Plug-in information

Last published on: 2008-12-22

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Description:
This webcast introduces the different marine forecast customers and discusses what forecast information they need to know and why they need to know it. A better understanding of the needs of the marine forecast customer will lead to better daily forecasts.

Objectives:
Objectives
1. Give marine forecasters a basic understanding of who the marine customers are and what their needs are.
2. Understand what is important to the marine customers and why.
3. Understand characteristics of specific water craft types.

Estimated time to complete: 90 min

Includes audio: yes

Required plug-ins:   Flash RealPlayer Java Adobe® Reader®
 * Plug-in information

Last published on: 2006-11-02

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Description:
The NCEP Marine Modeling and Analysis Branch (MMAB) Ensemble Global Ocean Wave Forecast System (EGOWaFS) provides five-day forecasts of global winds, wind wave and swell conditions in probabilistic terms. This product became available early in 2007 both through an NCEP non-operational web page and, for raw data, through FTP for use by marine forecasters at NWS WFOs and other locations.

The data from the EGOWaFS can be used in a number of ways, including:

* As input to probabilistic marine forecasts for wind waves and swell
* As input to a local wave ensemble, such as Simulated Waves Nearshore (SWAN)
* As input to develop probabilistic forecasts for rip current development

This webcast has been developed to introduce the EGOWaFS to the marine forecasting community. Topics discussed include:

• The unique basis for ensemble prediction of ocean waves
  
• Graphics of EGOWaFS product output and their interpretation
  
• Case examples showing examples of EGOWaFS, including:
  
  
  • Potential for EGOWaFS forecast bias resulting from systematic errors in wind forcing,
    
  • Use of EGOWaFS data to provide boundary conditions for local near-shore wave models, and
    
  • Application of EGOWaFS data to create a probabilistic forecast for the occurrence of rip currents.

Objectives:
1. Understand that the basis for ocean wave ensemble forecasting depends on the uncertainty in the near-surface wind forecasts, rather than uncertainty in the wave initial conditions.
2. Learn how to use the web-based graphics at NCEP for probabilistic forecasting of ocean waves.
3. Understand how bias in the wind forcing affects wave forecasts.
4. Learn potential uses for the wave ensemble forecasts, including local near-shore wave models and probabilistic forecasts of rip current.

Estimated time to complete: 1 h

Includes audio: yes

Required plug-ins:   Flash RealPlayer Java Adobe® Reader®
 * Plug-in information

Last published on: 2007-12-03

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Description:
This is the second in a series of training modules on marine wind and waves. The first module discussed wave types and characteristics and is a good primer to this next marine training topic. Wave Life Cycle I: Generation examines how wind creates waves and the inter-relationships between wind speed, wind duration, and fetch length during this process. These three factors are important to predicting wave height and what will limit wave growth. Additional topics include fully developed seas, observation sources, and various special wind events such as coastal jets and instability mixing in the marine boundary layer. While much of this instruction is at a basic level, all marine forecasters will find benefit in the more intermediate and advanced topics. These include the issue of dynamic or “trapped” fetch as well as the use of satellite-based observations of marine winds using the active microwave technique known as scatterometry. User interactions are included throughout the module and within the short case study. The next module in the series will look at propagation and dispersion as the waves leave the generation area.

Objectives:
After completing the module users will be able to:
- Describe how wind generates waves, including how wind speed, fetch length, and duration interact to affect the wave growth process.
- Use a wave nomogram to manually estimate wave height.
- Describe the remote sensing and numerical prediction tools that aid forecasting of wave generation.
- Describe fully developed seas.
- List in situ as well as remote sensing sources of wind observations and describe their capabilities.
- Recall some of the various special wind events such as coastal jets and instability mixing in the marine boundary layer that affect wave generation.
- Describe the issue of dynamic or "trapped" fetch.

Estimated time to complete: 60-90 min

Includes audio: yes

Required plug-ins:   Flash RealPlayer Java Adobe® Reader®
 * Plug-in information

Last published on: 2005-07-14

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Description:
The goal of the module is to enable a marine forecaster to manually predict how the wave height and period will change as the waves leave their generation area, become swell, and then propagate and disperse into the forecaster’s offshore coastal waters. While numerical wave prediction models can provide swell height and period forecasts, they are dependent on accurate wind forecasts by atmospheric prediction models. Therefore, manual skills in determining swell height and period are needed in order to cross-check or correct model predictions in cases of poor or unresolved model forecasts of winds. The module starts by discussing how swell propagate along great circle tracks and how these tracks will look different on various map projections. With this in mind the concept of developing a known “swell window” for a given location is introduced. Next, the module uses conceptual animations to demonstrate the effects of dispersion on the swell group as it propagates over a long distance. Also discussed are nonlinear processes, wave steepness, travel time, event duration, and opposing winds. Then the module explains how swell height changes due to angular spreading of wave energy and provides a simplified method to calculate this change. Finally, users are able to test their new understanding of these concepts through a short exercise where they are asked to determine swell height and period at multiple locations. User interactions are included throughout the module and within the short exercise. This is the third in a series of training modules on marine wind and waves. It follows the “Wave Types and Characteristics” and “Wave Generation” modules.

Objectives:
1.State the difference between seas and swell.
2.Recognize that waves propagate along great circle tracks and that these tracks look different on various 2-dimensional map projections.
3.Consider the effects of diffraction around barriers in forecasting swell heights.

4.Identify the effects of dispersion on a wave group, including:
a. waves become sorted by wave period
b. longer period waves outrun shorter period waves
c. swell height and steepness decrease
d. the wave group expands in space
e. the time it takes the entire wave group to pass a point increases

5.Explain how significant swell period can lengthen over time due to nonlinear interactions and dispersion, while individual swell period is conserved.

6.Given initial swell period, propagation distance, and fetch width, use a nomogram to forecast the change in significant swell period due to dispersion of a wave group.

7.Given initial or final swell period, propagation distance, and fetch width, use a swell travel time chart to forecast the time a swell to begin to impact a destination.

8.Using a swell travel time chart, forecast the length of time a wave group will affect a coastal area.

9.Given significant wave height for waves propagating in the central direction of a fetch area, forecast the decrease in significant wave height due to angular spreading for locations up to 70 degrees off the central direction of the wave group.

Estimated time to complete: 60 min

Includes audio: yes

Required plug-ins:   Flash RealPlayer Java Adobe® Reader®
 * Plug-in information

Last published on: 2006-01-12

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Description:
This is the first in a series of new marine meteorology modules based on COMET’s old laser disk and CD-ROM modules on marine meteorology. This module is an introduction to waves and their associated characteristics. Several types of waves are presented, from the common wind wave to the rare tsunami wave. The basic physical, mathematical, and statistical traits of waves are discussed, along with how they change once waves become swell. This material serves as a building block to subsequent modules on wave generation, propagation, and dispersion.

Objectives:
After completing the module users will be able to:
- Recall the different wave types based on their different generation sources.
- Describe the physical characteristics of these different wave types, including anatomy and nomenclature
- Recall the mathematical expressions and equations that define physical characteristics
- Recall the statistical traits (i.e., wave spectrum and height
classifications) of waves.
- Describe the processes related to swell travel and dispersion.

Estimated time to complete: 1 h

Includes audio: yes

Required plug-ins:   Flash RealPlayer Java Adobe® Reader®
 * Plug-in information

Last published on: 2003-07-31

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Description:
This module is intended for experienced forecasters moving from a land-based area to a coastal or Great Lakes region where both over-land and over-water forecast areas exist. This module highlights the differences between marine boundary layer and terrestrial boundary layer winds. The experienced forecaster is relatively familiar with the boundary layer over land and the associated implications for the wind field. Using this as a base, the module compares this known quantity with the lesser-known processes that occur in the marine boundary layer. Three major topics that influence marine boundary layer winds are discussed: stability within the boundary layer, isallobaric influence, and the effects of convection and tropical cyclones.

Objectives:
• Highlight the major differences between boundary-layer winds in the marine and over-land environments.
• Examine surface wind differences in stable and unstable boundary layers.
• Examine how the stability profile changes seasonally and diurnally.
• Assess the impact of isallobaric wind effects in a marine setting.
• Identify the main impacts of severe convection on marine winds.
• Recognize known model biases in predicting marine boundary layer winds and what situations require the forecaster to make adjustments.

Estimated time to complete: 2 h

Includes audio: no

Required plug-ins:   Flash RealPlayer Java Adobe® Reader®
 * Plug-in information

Last published on: 2006-12-01

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Description:
Este curso de educación a distancia pone a su alcance la posibilidad de adquirir una sólida base que le permitirá continuar con estudios de oceanografía más avanzados. Los tres módulos que forman parte de este curso se centran en las mareas, las corrientes y los modelos oceánicos.

Estimated time to complete: 5 - 6 h

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Description:
Este módulo presenta el uso de los productos de imágenes de microondas para observar y analizar los ciclones tropicales. Hoy en día, los datos de microondas de los satélites en órbita polar son esenciales, especialmente al generar pronóstico marítimos, para los cuales las observaciones in situ son escasas. Este módulo incluye información sobre la estructura de las tormentas y técnicas para determinar con mayor precisión la posición de las tormentas mediante los canales de 37 y 85-91 GHz de los sensores de varios satélites. También se presenta información sobre los sensores actuales y la disponibilidad de los productos en la era de NPOESS.

Objectives:
Cuando termine de estudiar el módulo, usted podrá:

• explicar cómo podemos usar las imágenes de microondas de un canal y multiespectrales para identificar los centros de circulación y otras características del interior de los ciclones tropicales;
• explicar cómo el error de paralaje afecta las imágenes en los diferentes canales de microondas;
• identificar los satélites que llevan a bordo generadores de imágenes y sondas atmosféricas de microondas;
• contrastar las estrategias de percepción remota activa y pasiva por microondas;
• contrastar las estrategias de barrido cónico y lateral;
• explicar cómo las nubes, la precipitación y la superficie del océano interactúan con la energía de microondas de distintas frecuencias;
• asociar las características de la tormenta con los elementos observados en las imágenes de microondas.

Estimated time to complete: 60 min

Includes audio: no

Required plug-ins:   Flash RealPlayer Java Adobe® Reader®
 * Plug-in information

Last published on: 2008-03-13

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Description:
Éste es el segundo de una serie de módulos de formación acerca de vientos marinos y olas. En el primer módulo, que ofrece una buena introducción a este tema de capacitación marina, tratamos los tipos de olas y sus características. Este módulo examina cómo el viento crea las olas y la interrelación entre la velocidad, la duración y el alcance del viento en este proceso. Estos tres factores son importantes para predecir la altura de las olas y los factores que limitarán el crecimiento de las olas. Entre los demás temas cubiertos se incluyen mares de desarrollo completo, fuentes de observación y varios eventos especiales relacionados con los vientos, como los chorros costeros y la mezcla por inestabilidad en la capa límite marina. Aunque buena parte de este material se presenta a un nivel de instrucción básico, todos los pronosticadores marinos aprovecharán los temas de nivel intermedio y avanzado, como el problema de alcance de los vientos dinámicos o “atrapados”, así como el uso de las observaciones satelitales de los vientos marinos mediante la técnica activa de microondas denominada dispersometría. El módulo y el breve caso de estudio requieren la interacción del usuario. El próximo módulo de esta serie considerará la propagación y dispersión a medida que las olas salen del área de generación.

Objectives:
Después de terminar el módulo, el usuario podrá:
- describir cómo el viento genera la olas y cómo la interacción entre los aspectos de velocidad del viento, longitud del alcance o zona de generación de olas y duración afecta el proceso de crecimiento de las olas;
- usar un nomograma de oleaje para estimar manualmente la altura de las olas;
- describir las herramientas de percepción remota y de predicción numérica que ayudan a pronosticar la generación de olas;
- describir el concepto de mar completamente desarrollada;
- enumerar las fuentes de observaciones del viento in situ y de percepción remota y describir sus capacidades;
- recordar algunos de los varios tipos de fenómenos eólicos que afectan la generación de olas, como los chorros costeros y la mezcla por inestabilidad en la capa límite marina;
- describir el concepto de alcance dinámico o "atrapado".

Estimated time to complete: 60 - 90 min

Includes audio: yes

Required plug-ins:   Flash RealPlayer Java Adobe® Reader®
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Last published on: 2007-08-22

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Description:
Este módulo describe los fenómenos de brisa marina. Se examinan los factores que provocan la formación de la brisa marina, los efectos que modifican el desarrollo de la brisa marina, cómo los modelos de PNT de mesoescala manejan las brisas marinas, y los parámetros de predicción de las brisas marinas. El módulo desarrolla la instrucción en el contexto de una situación de brisa marina que ocurrió en Florida y compara las observaciones superficiales y satelitales con la simulación del modelo AFWA MM5. Como es el caso con otros módulos del Manual de meteorología de mesoescala (Mesoscale Meteorology Primer), este módulo incluye narración, una atractiva presentación gráfica y una versión para imprimir.

Objectives:
Objetivos finales
Cuando termine de estudiar este módulo, usted podrá describir cómo, porqué, cuándo y dónde se forman las brisas marinas.

Objetivos de capacitación
Cuando termine de estudiar este módulo, usted podrá:
1. describir cuándo y dónde se forman las brisas marinas;
2. describir las brisas marinas en términos de intensidad y extensión horizontal y vertical;
3. enumerar los factores principales que afectan la formación de las brisas marinas;
4. enumerar el clima sensible asociado con la formación y el paso de un frente de brisa marina;
5. describir el uso y las limitaciones de las simulaciones de las brisas marinas en los modelos de PNT;
6. describir cómo las imágenes satelitales pueden ayudar a detectar las brisas marinas.

Estimated time to complete: 1 h

Includes audio: yes

Required plug-ins:   Flash RealPlayer Java Adobe® Reader®
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Last published on: 2007-09-20

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Description:
Éste es el primero de una serie de nuevos módulos sobre meteorología marina basados en los antiguos módulos de COMET sobre meteorología marina publicados en discos láser y CD-ROM. Este módulo es una presentación preliminar de las olas y las características con ellas asociadas. Se presentan varios tipos de olas, desde las olas comunes levantadas por el viento hasta los poco frecuentes tsunamis. Se describen las características físicas básicas de las olas, así como sus características matemáticas y estadísticas y cómo las olas cambian una vez que se transforman en oleaje. Este material sirve como base para los módulos subsiguientes acerca de la generación, propagación y dispersión de olas.

Objectives:
* Enumerar los distintos tipos de olas según las distintas formas de generación.
* Describir las características físicas de estos diferentes tipos de olas, incluidos los aspectos de anatomía y nomenclatura.
* Recordar las expresiones y ecuaciones matemáticas que definen las características físicas de las olas.
* Recordar las características estadísticas de las olas (p. ej.: clasificaciones de espectro y altura de las olas).
* Describir los procesos relacionados con el movimiento y la dispersión del oleaje.

Estimated time to complete: 1 h

Includes audio: yes

Required plug-ins:   Flash RealPlayer Java Adobe® Reader®
 * Plug-in information

Last published on: 2007-10-30

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Description:
Las mareas oceánicas afectan profundamente las operaciones marítimas costeras. Este módulo presenta el origen, las características y la predicción de las mareas. Después de presentar la terminología común, el módulo examina los mecanismos que causan y modifican las mareas, incluidos los efectos astronómicos y meteorológicos. El módulo concluye con una discusión de las técnicas y los productos de predicción de mareas. Este módulo incluye una atractiva presentación gráfica, narración e interacciones.

Objectives:
Cuando termine de estudiar este módulo, debería poder:
1. Enumerar y definir los términos empleados para describir las mareas
2. Enumerar y definir las fuerzas que causan y modifican las mareas
3. Definir los componentes de la marea
4. Describir el nivel o plano de referencia de mareas y explicar su importancia
5. Describir los métodos de predicción de las mareas
6. Explicar cuándo conviene usar las tablas de mareas o los modelos numéricos

Estimated time to complete: 1 h

Includes audio: no

Required plug-ins:   Flash RealPlayer Java Adobe® Reader®
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Last published on: 2007-12-05

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Description:
Este módulo describe el origen de las corrientes oceánicas, tanto en alta mar como en las zonas costeras. El módulo se centra en los mecanismos que impulsan las corrientes y los factores que modifican las corrientes existentes. Entre los mecanismos impulsores se consideran el viento, las diferencias en la densidad horizontal y las mareas; los factores modificadores contemplados incluyen la fricción, la batimetría y la espiral de Ekman. El módulo concluye con una demostración de los productos de datos y una breve descripción general de las consideraciones de pronóstico.

Objectives:
Cuando termine de estudiar este módulo, debería poder:
1. Identificar la ubicación de las corrientes oceánicas principales y secundarias y describir sus orígenes.
   1a. Enumerar los factores que causan las corrientes oceánicas.
   1b. Describir cómo cada factor influye en las corrientes oceánicas.
2. Describir las corrientes de alta mar en términos de temperatura, volumen (transporte) y velocidad.
3. Describir el origen de los fuertes gradientes horizontales y verticales de temperatura, salinidad y densidad tanto
   en mar abierta como en entornos oceánicos costeros.
4. Describir los efectos de la fricción, batimetría y fuerza de Coriolis en las corrientes oceánicas tanto en mar abierta    como en entornos oceánicos costeros.
5. Explicar el papel de las corrientes oceánicas en la distribución global del calor (es decir, el balance térmico
   de la Tierra).
   5a. Definir la circulación termohalina.
   5b. Describir el origen de aguas profundas del Atlántico Norte y el agua antártica de fondo.
6. Describir los actuales métodos de predicción y las consideraciones de pronóstico.

Estimated time to complete: 2.5 h

Includes audio: no

Required plug-ins:   Flash RealPlayer Java Adobe® Reader®
 * Plug-in information

Last published on: 2008-01-02

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Description:
Pese a que los océanos cubren más del 70 % de la superficie terrestre, hay muchos detalles de su funcionamiento que aún no comprendemos cabalmente. Para entender y pronosticar mejor el estado de los océanos dependemos de los modelos numéricos oceánicos, los cuales combinan las observaciones y la física para predecir la temperatura, la salinidad y las corrientes de los océanos en cualquier momento y en cualquier lugar de las cuencas oceánicas. Este módulo explica los diferentes aspectos de los modelos numéricos oceánicos, incluyendo la física de los modelos, los sistemas de coordenadas, la parametrización, la inicialización y las condiciones de frontera.

Objectives:
Cuando termine de estudiar este módulo debería poder:
1. Explicar las similitudes y diferencias entre modelar los océanos y la atmósfera.
2. Explicar las leyes y los procesos físicos que se deben considerar al desarrollar un modelo oceánico.
3. Explicar cómo las propiedades físicas de los océanos difieren de las de la atmósfera.
4. Explicar los procesos incorporados en los modelos numéricos oceánicos.
5. Explicar la importancia de la resolución y la escala para los modelos oceánicos globales, regionales y locales.
6. Describir un modelo numérico y cómo se puede usar como herramienta de predicción.
7. Explicar las contribuciones de las observaciones en tiempo real y la climatología a los modelos oceánicos.

Estimated time to complete: 1-2 h

Includes audio: no

Required plug-ins:   Flash RealPlayer Java Adobe® Reader®
 * Plug-in information

Last published on: 2008-01-03

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Description:
El objetivo del módulo es enseñar a predecir manualmente cómo la altura y el período de las olas cambia a medida que éstas salen del área de generación, se convierten en oleaje y luego se propagan y se dispersan en las aguas costeras contiguas a la zona de pronóstico. Aunque los modelos numéricos de predicción de olas pueden generar pronósticos de altura y período de oleaje, dependen de la precisión de los pronósticos de vientos de los modelos de predicción atmosférica. Por lo tanto, se necesita cierta destreza para determinar la altura y período del oleaje en forma manual para comprobar o corregir las predicciones del modelo cuando el pronósticos numérico del viento es poco confiable o inconcluso. El módulo comienza con una discusión sobre la propagación del olejae a lo largo de trayectorias de círculo máximo y cómo dichas trayectorias se ven distintas en diferentes proyecciones cartográficas. Con esto en mente, se presenta el concepto de desarrollar una “ventana de oleaje” conocida para un lugar determinado. A continuación, el módulo emplea animaciones conceptuales para demostrar los efectos de la dispersión en el grupo de oleaje a medida que se propaga sobre largas distancias. También se tratan procesos no lineales, inclinación de las olas, tiempo de viaje, duración del evento y vientos de oposición. Luego se explica el cambio en el oleaje debido a la dispersión angular de la energía de las olas y se proporciona un método simplificado para calcular este cambio. Finalmente, un breve ejercicio que implica determinar la altura y el período del oleaje en distintos lugares permite someter a prueba los conocimientos adquiridos de estos conceptos. Tanto el breve ejercicio como varias otras partes del módulo incluyen material interactivo. Éste es el tercero de una serie de módulos de capacitación sobre vientos y olas marinas. Los primeros dos son Tipos de olas y sus características y Ciclo de vida de las olas I: generación.

Objectives:
1. Establecer la diferencia entre mar local y oleaje.
2. Reconocer que las olas se propagan a lo largo de trayectorias de círculo máximo y que dichas trayectorias se ven diferente según la proyección cartográfica bidimensional utilizada.
3. Considerar los efectos de difracción que producen las barreras cuando se hacen pronósticos de altura del oleaje..
4. Identificar los efectos producidos por la dispersión en un grupo de olas, incluyendo los siguientes:
a. las olas se organizan acorde con su período
b. las olas de período largo dejan rezagadas las olas de período corto
c. la altura y pendiente del oleaje disminuyen
d. los grupos de olas se expanden en el espacio
e. el tiempo que tarda un grupo completo de olas en pasar por un punto aumenta
5. Explicar cómo el período significativo del oleaje aumenta con el tiempo debido a interacciones no lineales y dispersión, mientras que el período de cada oleaje se conserva.
6. Utilizar un nomograma para pronosticar el cambio en el período significativo de un oleaje debido a la dispersión del grupo de olas conociendo el período inicial, la distancia de propagación y el ancho de la zona de generación.
7. Utilizar un mapa de tiempo de viaje de oleaje para pronosticar el momento en que un grupo de olas empezará a afectar un lugar conociendo el período inicial o final del oleaje, la distancia de propagación y el ancho de la zona de generación.
8. Utilizar un mapa de tiempo de viaje de oleaje para pronosticar cuánto tiempo un grupo de olas afectará un área costera.
9. Pronosticar la disminución de la altura significativa de una ola debido a la dispersión angular en sitios localizados dentro de un área a hasta 70 grados de la dirección central del grupo de olas conociendo la altura significativa de las olas que se desplazan en la dirección central del área de generación.

Estimated time to complete: 60 min

Includes audio: no

Required plug-ins:   Flash RealPlayer Java Adobe® Reader®
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Last published on: 2008-02-19

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Description:
La niebla se levanta con frecuencia en respuesta a cambios forzados dinámicamente en la capa límite planetaria. Este módulo examina la niebla provocada por forzamiento dinámico en los entornos costero y marino, con énfasis en la niebla de advección, la niebla de vapor y las nieblas típicas de la costa del Pacífico de EE.UU. El módulo estudia a fondo la evolución de las parcelas de aire en la capa límite a medida que atraviesan trayectorias sobre tierra y agua. El módulo examina también los efectos de mesoescala que influyen en la distribución de niebla y estratos en los niveles inferiores sobre distancias cortas. El módulo concluye con una discusión general de los productos y las metodologías de pronóstico.

Objectives:
Cuando termine de estudiar este módulo, podrá:

En lo referente a las características generales de la niebla y nubes estratos por forzamiento dinámico:
• describir las diferencias en las características y la evolución de la capa límite para la niebla de advección, la niebla en la costa occidental de los continentes y la niebla de vapor en un entorno marino;
• describir las diferencias en el entorno sinóptico para la niebla de advección, la niebla en la costa occidental de los continentes y la niebla de vapor en un entorno marino;
• describir la relación entre la temperatura de la superficie del mar y la formación de niebla de advección, niebla en la costa occidental de los continentes y niebla de vapor en un entorno marino.

En lo referente a la niebla de advección:
• describir el entorno sinóptico general propicio para la formación de la niebla;
• enumerar al menos dos maneras en que los sistemas subtropicales de alta presión contribuyen a la formación de niebla de advección;
• describir la evolución de la capa límite a lo largo de la trayectoria de una parcela que lleva a la formación de niebla de advección;
• describir los cambios en la temperatura de la superficie del mar a lo largo de la trayectoria de una parcela que lleva a la formación de niebla de advección;
• explicar los orígenes de los gradientes fuertes de temperatura de la superficie del mar;
• identificar en un mapa mundial las áreas propicias para los eventos de niebla de advección;
• explicar la estacionalidad de los eventos de niebla de advección.

En lo referente a la niebla y nubes estratos bajas en la costa occidental de los continentes:
• describir el entorno sinóptico general propicio para la formación de la niebla;
• enumerar al menos dos maneras en que los sistemas subtropicales de alta presión contribuyen a la formación de niebla y estratos bajos en la costa occidental de los continentes;
• describir las características y la evolución de la capa límite a lo largo de la trayectoria de una parcela que lleva a la formación de niebla y estratos bajos en la costa occidental de los continentes;
• enumerar al menos dos maneras en que la capa límite se enfría hasta el punto de saturación durante un evento de niebla y estratos en la costa occidental de los continentes;
• describir el papel del afloramiento en la formación de niebla y estratos bajos en la costa occidental de los continentes;
• identificar en un mapa mundial las áreas propicias para los eventos de niebla y estratos en la costa occidental de los continentes;
• explicar la estacionalidad de los eventos de niebla y estratos bajos en la costa occidental de los continentes.

En lo referente a la niebla de vapor:
• describir el entorno sinóptico general propicio para la formación de la niebla;
• describir las características y la evolución de la capa límite a lo largo de la trayectoria de una parcela que lleva a la formación de niebla de vapor;
• identificar en un mapa mundial las áreas propicias para los evento de niebla de vapor;
• explicar la estacionalidad de los eventos de niebla de vapor.

En lo referente a los efectos de mesoescala en la niebla por forzamiento dinámico:
• describir los efectos de la topografía costera en la formación de la niebla;
• describir cómo los chorros costeros afectan la formación y disipación de niebla;
• describir cómo las brisas marinas afectan la formación y disipación de niebla;
• describir el impacto de las variaciones locales en la temperatura de la superficie del mar sobre la formación y disipación de niebla.

En lo referente al pronóstico de niebla por forzamiento dinámico:
• describir el enfoque general de pronóstico de niebla;
• enumerar al menos cuatro campos atmosféricos esenciales que es preciso vigilar en el plano horizontal al pronosticar la niebla;
• enumerar al menos cuatro campos atmosféricos esenciales que es preciso vigilar en los perfiles verticales al pronosticar la niebla;
• describir las limitaciones de los modelos numéricos para pronosticar la niebla.

Estimated time to complete: 3 h

Includes audio: no

Required plug-ins:   Flash RealPlayer Java Adobe® Reader®
 * Plug-in information

Last published on: 2009-05-05

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