MetEd: Meteorology Education and Training. Operated by the COMET Program

Description:
This Webcast covers the ocean surface wind retrieval process, the basics of microwave polarization as it relates to wind retrievals, and several operational examples. Information on the development of microwave sensors used to retrieve ocean surface wind speed and the ocean surface wind vector (speed and direction) is also included.

Objectives:
State some key meteorological applications for ocean surface winds

• Describe the benefits of using microwave remote sensing to observe ocean winds
• Describe the differences between active and passive microwave remote sensing
• Describe in general terms, the emission, transmission, and scattering of microwave energy within the Earth-atmosphere system
• State the key assumptions for derivation of wind speed and direction from passive observation of microwave radiation
• Describe the limitations of passive microwave remote sensing and impacts on deriving wind speed and direction (this applies to both product limits and accuracy)
• Use cloud liquid water imagery to help assess the validity of the wind speed and direction vector

Estimated time to complete: 45 min

Includes audio: yes

Required plug-ins:   Flash RealPlayer Java Adobe® Reader®
 * Plug-in information

Last published on: 2005-11-28

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Description:
The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service (NWS) annually hold courses, called An Introduction to Hurricane Preparedness, at the National Hurricane Center in Miami, Florida. The number of students who can attend every year is far less than the number of people who are involved in making decisions during hurricanes.



The purpose of this computer-based course, Community Hurricane Preparedness, is to provide emergency managers and decision makers who cannot attend the course with basic information about



How hurricanes form

The hazards they pose

How the NWS forecasts future hurricane behavior

What tools and guiding principles can help emergency managers prepare their communities


Community Hurricane Preparedness is not intended to take the place of the Miami course or other courses sponsored by FEMA and/or state agencies. However, it will provide a good background for those who have not yet attended those courses.



The subject matter experts for Community Hurricane Preparedness are Max Mayfield – NWS, William Massey – FEMA, Dr. Robert Smith – FEMA, John Wilson – Lee County Division of Public Safety, and William Winn, Jr. – Beaufort County Emergency Management Department.

Objectives:
• Describe the basic processes and factors that contribute to the development, growth and demise of a hurricane
• Identify the parts of a hurricane
• List ways in which meteorologists monitor hurricane development
• Describe hazards from hurricanes
• Discuss the basic hurricane forecasting process and its limitations
• Analyze various source of information about a hurricane and formulate a plan for dealing with the potential disaster

Estimated time to complete: 4-5 h

Includes audio: yes

Required plug-ins:   Flash RealPlayer Java Adobe® Reader®
 * Plug-in information

Last published on: 1999-12-10

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Description:
Tropical waves are prolific rainfall producers that sometimes form tropical cyclones. Conceptual models of tropical waves are used to help learners understand the dynamical characteristics and evolution of tropical waves. Users will learn about the vertical and horizontal structure of tropical waves and the typical weather changes that accompany the passage of a tropical wave. Four different methods of tracking tropical waves are also provided. The Webcast is presented by Mr. Horace Burton and Mr. Selvin Burton of the Caribbean Institute for Meteorology and Hydrology under the auspices of the MeteoForum Project.

Objectives:
After completing this Webcast, users should be able to:

• Define tropical waves and state why they are important


• Describe the typical wavelength, frequency, propagation speed, and direction of tropical waves


• Describe the horizontal structure and vertical structure of tropical waves in terms of winds, moisture and temperature


• Describe the lifecycle of Reihl's Classical easterly wave in terms of wind velocity, relative humidity, clouds, and precipitation


• Identify tropical waves based on Frank's Inverted 'V' model, i.e., banded clouds in the shape of an inverted 'V'


• Describe the relationship between the upper and lower troposphere flow in Frank's conceptual model


• Describe the characteristics of African waves including their origin, wavelength, and relative intensity between inland and the coast


• Describe the typical distribution of divergence in African waves


• Describe the distribution of vorticity in African waves


• Describe the distribution of clouds and precipitation in African waves


• Understand that inter-annual variations in the frequency and strength of African waves are correlated with the occurrence of intense Atlantic storms


• Detect and track tropical waves using satellite imagery, satellite-derived surface winds, wind profiles, and model output

Estimated time to complete: 35 min

Includes audio: yes

Required plug-ins:   Flash RealPlayer Java Adobe® Reader®
 * Plug-in information

Last published on: 2006-04-21

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Description:
This exercise tracks Hurricane Michael as it moved into the Maritime region of the Canadian east coast in October, 2000. Analyze data and respond to questions focusing on forecasting the progression of the storm. This case exercise accompanies the Webcast, Hurricanes Canadian Style: Extratropical Transition.

Objectives:
• Distinguish between meteorological parameters favorable to tropical cyclone strengthening and weakening
• Identify meteorological parameters favorable for extratropical transition
• Apply the guidelines used for forecasting the motion of a tropical cyclone undergoing extratropical transition

Estimated time to complete: 30-45 min

Includes audio: yes

Required plug-ins:   Flash RealPlayer Java Adobe® Reader®
 * Plug-in information

Last published on: 2002-06-06

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Description:
Designed primarily for middle school students and funded by FEMA and the NWS, this module creates a scenario to frame learning activities that focus on hurricane science and safety.



Over the course of seven days, Hurricane Erin forms in the Atlantic Ocean, crosses the Florida peninsula, and then makes another landfall at Fort Walton Beach. During these days, the learner is introduced to many basic concepts of atmospheric science, climate, and geography, while also learning some important and possibly life-saving safety and preparedness skills. The module includes several interactive games and activities that address hurricane meteorology and hurricane safety.



Teachers and others who use the module for public education will find the "Information for Teachers" section particularly useful. This section provides information about all of the main learning objects in the module, as well as access to them as stand-alone activities. Links to numerous hurricane-related Web sites are also included, as are links to expert advice about helping children deal with trauma. Worksheets that test the learner's understanding of the module's content are provided in this section, as well as throughout the module. Versions are also available for hearing, motor, and visually impaired students.

Estimated time to complete: 2-3 h

Includes audio: yes

Required plug-ins:   Flash RealPlayer Java Adobe® Reader®
 * Plug-in information

Last published on: 2002-05-10

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Description:
This Webcast is based on a presentation delivered by Jim Abraham of MSC at the Winter Weather Course in February 2001. The presentation discusses how, under the right synoptic conditions, hurricanes and tropical storms undergo a transition process to extratropical cyclones as they move into northern latitudes. During the transition process these "hybrid" systems can bring damaging weather conditions to Eastern Canada and the Northeastern States. It uses several case examples to demonstrate the process.

Objectives:
• Identify meteorological parameters favorable for tropical cyclone formation
• Identify meteorological parameters that inhibit hurricane intensification
• Describe the characteristics of a tropical cyclone prior to extra-tropical transition
• Describe the characteristics of transitioning tropical cyclones
• Detail the regions of a tropical cyclone and extratropical low that generate the greatest rainfall and winds

Estimated time to complete: 45 min

Includes audio: yes

Required plug-ins:   Flash RealPlayer Java Adobe® Reader®
 * Plug-in information

Last published on: 2002-05-02

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Description:
Chapter 3: Tropical Remote Sensing Applications, is the first published chapter of the online textbook, "Introduction to Tropical Meteorology." It covers remote sensing—the primary method of observing weather and climate across the global tropics. Learners will become familiar with the scientific basis and applications of radar and satellite remote sensing from examples in which clouds and precipitation are observed by measuring microwave signals using ground-based radar, spaceborne radar, and satellite radiometers. Wind estimation, dust and volcanic ash tracking, vertical sounding techniques, and remote measurement of sea-surface, soil and land surface properties are also covered. The online textbook has many special features, including individual chapter review questions and quiz, topic focus sections, direct access to operational forecasting topics, box sections that elaborate on theoretical concepts, links to resources for further study, critical thinking questions interspersed throughout the text, icons that identify resource links and critical thinking exercises, and science biographies.

Objectives:
At the end of this chapter, users should understand and be able to describe:

* Why remote sensing is important in the tropics
* Several tropical applications of ground-based radars
* The advantages and limitations of airborne and spaceborne radar
* Several tropical meteorology applications of satellite radar and microwave remote sensing
* The benefits and weaknesses of satellite estimates of water vapor content
* How GPS satellite signals are used to derive temperature and humidity profiles and how this benefits tropical meteorology
* The benefits and weaknesses of satellite precipitation estimates
* How lightning is detected by satellite
* The benefits and weaknesses of satellite wind estimation
* Why microwave sensors are useful for identifying surface moisture
* How vegetation and other land use/land cover changes are monitored by satellite
* How meteorologically important features, such as cloud properties, are monitored with satellite imagery
* How satellites are used for air quality assessment, such as dispersion of volcanic ash, chemical pollutants, dust, and smoke

Estimated time to complete: 100-110 mins

Includes audio: no

Required plug-ins:   Flash RealPlayer Java Adobe® Reader®
 * Plug-in information

Last published on: 2007-08-31

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Description:
Chapter 6, The Distribution of Moisture and Precipitation, is the second published chapter of the online textbook, Introduction to Tropical Meteorology. Moisture and precipitation distribution governs life in the tropics. Surplus heating and rising motion in the tropics ignites the global water and energy cycles and influences weather in the midlatitudes. Chapter 6 presents the horizontal and vertical distribution of water vapor, tropical cloud formation and distribution, the lifecycle and precipitation characteristics of tropical mesoscale convective systems, and the variability of tropical precipitation on yearly, seasonal, and hourly time-scales. The online textbook has many special features including individual chapter review questions and quiz, topic focus sections, direct access to operational forecasting topics, box sections that elaborate on theoretical concepts, links to resources for further study, critical thinking questions interspersed throughout the text, icons that identify resource links and critical thinking exercises, and science biographies.

Objectives:
At the end of this chapter, you should understand and be able to describe:

* Why water vapor is important to weather and climate in the tropics
* The range and distribution of water vapor content in the tropics
* The distribution of evaporation and evapotranspiration rates in the tropics
* The formation of tropical clouds by convection
* The general pattern of cloud distribution in the tropics
* The typical profiles of potential temperature (Theta) and equivalent potential temperature (Theta-e) in the tropical atmosphere
* How the Saharan Air Layer and other dry intrusions changes the vertical distribution of moisture thermodynamic energy
* The concept of moist and dry static (thermodynamic) energy and its vertical distribution in the tropics
* How the vertical distribution of moist static energy varies with different modes of convection
* The differences between convective and stratiform rain in tropical mesoscale convective systems
* The effects of continental and maritime aerosols on tropical precipitation
* The geographic distribution of annual tropical precipitation and its variability
* The factors that influence the geographic distribution of tropical precipitation
* The seasonal distribution of precipitation in the tropics and unique regional patterns
* The differences between the diurnal cycle of tropical precipitation over land and over ocean, including the influential factors
* Unique characteristics of the diurnal cycle during the equatorial transition seasons (spring and autumn)
* The factors that influence the amount and location of rainfall on yearly and multi-year time scales

You should also be able to identify and describe:

* The factors that influence evaporation and evapotranspiration rates
* The dominant cloud types in the tropics
* The typical zonal and meridional distribution of cloud depth over the tropical oceans

Estimated time to complete: 1.5-2 h

Includes audio: yes

Required plug-ins:   Flash RealPlayer Java Adobe® Reader®
 * Plug-in information

Last published on: 2008-03-19

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Description:
This module provides an introduction to polar-orbiting-satellite-based microwave remote sensing products that depict moisture and precipitation in the atmosphere. The module begins with definitions and descriptions of total precipitable water and cloud liquid water products, contrasting each with more familiar infrared water vapor and window channel products. This is followed by an overview of microwave precipitation estimation and a discussion of how polar-satellite products compare with those from geostationary satellites and ground-based radar. A series of case examples highlights potential weather forecasting applications for total precipitable water and precipitation products. The module also includes an introduction to the Global Precipitation Monitoring Mission to which future NPOESS satellites will be an important contributor. This module takes about 75 minutes to complete.

Objectives:
After completing this module, learners will be able to:
• State the definition of total precipitable water
• State the definition of cloud liquid water
• Describe the difference between window regions and absorption regions of the electromagnetic spectrum
• Describe how precipitation rates are derived over land and ocean
• Describe the goals of the Global Precipitation Monitoring Program
• Interpret total precipitable water, cloud liquid water, and precipitation products presented in case examples

Estimated time to complete: 75 min

Includes audio: yes

Required plug-ins:   Flash RealPlayer Java Adobe® Reader®
 * Plug-in information

Last published on: 2006-10-06

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Description:
The COMET Program and the Integrated Program Office are pleased to announce the publication of The Operational Tropical Rainfall Potential (TRaP) module. This module, developed by Sheldon Kusselson (Satellite Analysis Branch, NESDIS), traces the development of the present TRaP product and shows numerous examples from recent hurricane seasons comparing model precipitation forecast amounts, TRaP estimated rainfall amounts, and observed rainfall. Guidelines for using the TRaP product and future improvements are presented at the conclusion of the module.

Objectives:
• State the basis of the TRaP technique, its formulation, and inputs
• State the assumptions and the limitations of the technique
• Find and access TRaP products on the Internet
• Interpret TRaP imagery for use in precipitation estimation

Estimated time to complete: 1 h

Includes audio: yes

Required plug-ins:   Flash RealPlayer Java Adobe® Reader®
 * Plug-in information

Last published on: 2004-04-19

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Description:
POES 3: Case Studies contains two short case study examples that demonstrate different uses of polar satellite data. The first case example shows how AMSU microwave data can be used to supplement other datasets to improve precipitation forecasts. The second case example demonstrates the TRaP method for calculating rainfall from Hurricane Georges.

Objectives:
• State the advantages of using microwave data for precipitation forecasting
• Describe the method for comparing NWP forecasts with microwave moisture information
• Compare and contrast the information from GOES water vapor imagery with information from microwave TPW as it relates to Case 1.
• Describe the TRaP product

Estimated time to complete: 1-2 h

Includes audio: no

Required plug-ins:   Flash RealPlayer Java Adobe® Reader®
 * Plug-in information

Last published on: 1999-12-10

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Description:
This module introduces forecasters to the use of microwave image products for observing and analyzing tropical cyclones. Microwave data from polar-orbiting satellites is crucial to today’s operational forecasters, and particularly for those with maritime forecasting responsibilities where in situ observations are sparse. This module includes information on storm structure and techniques for improved storm positioning using the 37 and 85-91 GHz channels from several satellite sensors. Information on current sensors and on the product availability in the NPOESS era is also presented.

Objectives:
• Explain how single channel and multispectral microwave imagery can be used to locate centers of circulation and other features within tropical cyclones
• Explain how parallax error affects imagery from different microwave channels
• Identify satellites that carry microwave imagers and sounders
• Contrast active and passive microwave remote sensing strategies
• Contrast conical and cross-track scanning strategies
• Explain how clouds, precipitation, and the ocean surface interact with microwave
energy at different frequencies
• Associate storm characteristics with features observed in microwave imagery

Estimated time to complete: 60 min

Includes audio: yes

Required plug-ins:   Flash RealPlayer Java Adobe® Reader®
 * Plug-in information

Last published on: 2004-11-10

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Description:
This Webcast features Dr. Michael Freilich (Oregon State University, principal investigator on the QuikSCAT project for NSF) introducing and discussing the fundamentals of scatterometry and how they apply to the SeaWinds instrument on QuikSCAT. Dr. Freilich also describes how the model function is used to derive wind speed and direction from multiple collocated measurements.

Objectives:
• Describe the process of active remote sensing
• State the wavelengths used for deriving ocean surface wind speed and direction
• State the main variables that are used in the model function for deriving wind vectors (speed and direction)
• Define azimuth angle as it relates to satellite remote sensing geometry
• Define the incidence angle as it relates to satellite remote sensing geometry
• State the atmospheric conditions when wind vectors may be compromised
• Compare the scan strategies of fan beam and conical scatterometers
• Explain why certain parts of a conical scatterometer swath may have compromised accuracy

Estimated time to complete: 40 min

Includes audio: yes

Required plug-ins:   Flash RealPlayer Java Adobe® Reader®
 * Plug-in information

Last published on: 2004-07-14

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Description:
This Website was developed for undergraduate students enrolled in an introductory earth or atmospheric science course. It is designed to supplement lecture and textbooks. Its goal is to make you a better consumer of weather information by providing dynamic graphics, animations, and science content about remote sensing, visible and infrared satellite imagery, and hurricanes. As part of the module, you will apply what you've learned by exploring recent hurricanes through satellite imagery. When you have completed this module, you should be able to view satellite imagery in a typical weather forecast on TV or the Web and recognize the importance of some features.

Estimated time to complete: 2 h

Includes audio: yes

Required plug-ins:   Flash RealPlayer Java Adobe® Reader®
 * Plug-in information

Last published on: 1998-01-12

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This module is not available on the Web. To order a CD, please see our contact information.

Description:
Satellite Meteorology: Case Studies Using GOES Imager Data is a continuation of the first module in the satellite meteorology series, Satellite Meteorology: Remote Sensing Using the New GOES Imager. This module includes a winter and summer severe storm case as well as a tutorial on tropical storms. It provides many opportunities to view and interpret GOES imager data and integrate those data with model, radar, and other data types. Additional material and exercises will be available on the COMET home page.

The subject matter experts for this module are Dr. James F. Purdom and Dr. Ray Zehr.

Estimated time to complete: 2-3 h

Includes audio: yes

Required plug-ins:   Flash RealPlayer Java Adobe® Reader®
 * Plug-in information

Last published on: 1997-01-01

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Description:
This is the first of three cases examining numerical weather prediction (NWP) aspects of Tropical Storm Allison, which moved into Texas from the Gulf of Mexico on 5 June 2001. The Houston, TX area was inundated by up to three feet of rain between 5 and 8 June, most of which occurred on June 8th, three days after the storm made landfall. Twenty-two deaths resulted, many of which were the result of cars being swept away by flash flooding. Importantly, flash flood watches and warnings were made in a timely manner by the Houston/Galveston TX WFO, in spite of the Eta forecast problems.

This first case mainly considers whether the volume of rain that occurred over the Houston, TX area, particularly on 8 June, was predictable using the Eta-22 and Eta-10 (threats nest) models from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP).

Estimated time to complete: 30 min

Includes audio: no

Required plug-ins:   Flash RealPlayer Java Adobe® Reader®
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Last published on: 2002-01-23

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Description:
This last of three cases examines numerical weather prediction (NWP) aspects of Tropical Storm Allison, which moved past the Philadelphia area on 16 – 17 June 2001. Neshaminy Creek overflowed its banks on 16 June after the area it drains received 6-10" of rain over a 12-hour period. The Neshaminy Creek watershed is only about 750 km2 in size, or about 7 grid squares in size for the Eta-12 (less than 2 grid squares for the mesoscale model in operation at the time, the Eta-22!). This is obviously too small for the computer models to capture the details of the small-scale heavy rains which unfortunately happened to center over the Neshaminy basin.

This final case mainly considers what the computer models, particularly the Eta-22 and nested Eta-10, showed in their forecasts, including QPF, and what other considerations, including construction of a crude ensemble forecast, might be helpful in the decision-making process for flash flood watches and warnings in the Philadelphia area.

Estimated time to complete: 30 min

Includes audio: no

Required plug-ins:   Flash RealPlayer Java Adobe® Reader®
 * Plug-in information

Last published on: 2002-01-25

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