MetEd: Meteorology Education and Training. Operated by the COMET Program

Description:
The Distance Learning Aviation Courses (DLAC) are a series of self-paced lessons, units, and cases. These materials are designed to help aviation forecasters improve both their ability to forecast aviation hazards and to write better terminal aerodrome forecasts (TAFs) that convey these hazards to aviation forecast customers. In addition, the course website (accessed from the Distance Learning Aviation courses link above) contains a resource page with links to a number of tools, papers, and links that are useful to aviation forecasters.

Estimated time to complete: 19-22 h

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Description:
The COMET® Program Program presenta los módulos que integran este curso de Repaso de Meteorología Aeronáutica para apoyar las necesidades de educación continua de los pronosticadores aeronáuticos a nivel internacional. Los varios módulos o secciones de módulos que se enumeran en la página de Organización del curso fueron elegidos por ser algunos de los materiales más útiles que COMET ofrece para las satisfacer las necesidades de formación en el campo de pronóstico aeronáutico. El sitio web de MetEd incluye muchos otros módulos que pueden resultar de utilidad para los especialistas individuales según su ubicación geográfica, su experiencia en el campo de pronóstico y su nivel de conocimiento de hidrometeorología.

Además de este curso de repaso, COMET piensa ofrecer colecciones adicionales de módulos para atender a las necesidades de los pronosticadores internacionales. A medida que se creen, se anunciarán en este sitio.

Objetivos del curso
El objetivo de enseñanza de este curso consiste en proporcionar la oportunidad de repasar ciertos temas escogidos relacionados con el tiempo convectivo, la niebla y la visibilidad, la meteorología tropical, la meteorología sinóptica, la meteorología de mesoescala, las operaciones de pronóstico aeronáutico, el engelamiento en aviación y algunos temas pertinentes sobre el clima. Lea los objetivos específicos que se incluyen en la descripción de cada módulo en la página de Organización del curso.

Estimated time to complete: ~48-52 h

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Description:
The modules in this Review of Aeronautical Meterology course are being offered by The COMET® Program to serve the continuing education needs of international aeronautical forecasters. The modules and module sections listed in the Course Outline have been chosen as the most useful materials COMET offers for aeronautical forecasting training needs. Many additional modules from the MetEd Website may be useful for individual forecasters, depending on their geographic locations, degree of forecasting experience, and current level of hydrometeorological education.

Objectives:
The instructional objective for this course is to provide a review of selected topics related to convective weather, fog and visibility, tropical meteorology, synoptic meteorology, mesoscale meteorology, aeronautical forecast operations, aviation icing, and some pertinent climate topics. Please see the specific objects related to each module under the individual descriptions on the Course Outline page.

Estimated time to complete: ~48-52 hours

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Description:
This module discusses how to apply various observational data and remote sensing tools such as satellite, METARS, soundings, profilers, radar, and model analyses to diagnose the potential for fog and/or low stratus. Various forecast tools (such as model forecast fields, forecast soundings, and BUFKIT) used to assess fog and/or low stratus potential onset, intensity, and duration are also examined. This module is part of the Distance Learning Course 1: Forecasting Fog and Low Stratus.

Objectives:
• Apply various observational data and remote sensing tools such as satellite, METARS, soundings, profilers, radar, and model analyses to diagnose the potential for fog and/or low stratus
• Apply various forecast tools such as model forecast fields, forecast soundings, and BUFKIT to assess fog and/or low stratus potential onset, intensity, and duration

Estimated time to complete: 3 h

Includes audio: no

Required plug-ins:   Flash RealPlayer Java Adobe® Reader®
 * Plug-in information

Last published on: 2003-06-28

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Description:
This module addresses the local and regional climatological considerations and presents tools and methodologies that can be used to assess whether atmospheric conditions can foster fog or low stratus development. Knowing your local climatology and assessing whether it supports favorable conditions for fog or low stratus development is an important step in the forecast process. A number of physical conditions that determine fog or stratus development are largely dictated by climatological restraints, as well as the synoptic pattern. This module is part of the Distance Learning Course 1: Forecasting Fog and Low Stratus.

Objectives:
Understand how climate data can be applied to the forecast process
• Understand the strength and limitations of the various types of climate data and their application to fog and stratus forecasting
• Demonstrate an ability to correctly apply climate data to fog and stratus forecasting

Estimated time to complete: 2 h

Includes audio: no

Required plug-ins:   Flash RealPlayer Java Adobe® Reader®
 * Plug-in information

Last published on: 2003-06-28

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Description:
“Basic Terminal Forecast Strategies” is the first component of the Distance Learning Course 2, Producing Customer-Focused TAFs. Basic Terminal Forecast Strategies is comprised of two lessons that provide 1) an introduction to understanding aviation customers and their needs and 2) a technique to meet those needs by producing clear, concise, and consistent terminal aerodrome forecasts (TAFs).

Objectives:
1. Identify aviation customer groups and describe how they use TAFs.
2. Recognize common terminal forecast problems that adversely impact customers.
3. Analyze TAFs to determine which would be considered "good" or "poor" by customers.
4. Describe how overuse of conditional terms (e.g., TEMPO) lowers forecast verification scores and impedes effective customer decision-making.
5. Describe the relationship between aviation verification scores and customer satisfaction.
6. Create a Practically Perfect TAF (PP TAF) that meets common customer needs.

Estimated time to complete: 2 h

Includes audio: yes

Required plug-ins:   Flash RealPlayer Java Adobe® Reader®
 * Plug-in information

Last published on: 2006-09-22

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Description:
This case examines an event that took place over New England and the Mid-Atlantic on 14 June 2001. As the culminating exercise for lessons 1 and 2 of the Distance Learning Aviation Course 1 (DLAC1) on Fog and Stratus Forecasting, its objectives are to 1) identify the preconditions favorable for fog or stratus development; 2) identify synoptic and local processes that influence the event; 3) assess onset time, duration, dissipation, and intensity; and 4) develop a TAF that reflects expected changes in ceiling and visibility. The module is a re-creation of several live teletraining sessions offered in 2003 as part of DLAC1.

Objectives:
• Identify the preconditions favorable for fog or stratus development
• Identify both the synoptic and local processes that will be influencing the event
• Determine the details of the forecast in terms of the onset time, the duration, and the time of dissipation, as well as the intensity of the event
• Assess how the fog or stratus event will affect ceiling and visibility
• Write a TAF forecast that reflects those changes in ceiling and visibility

Estimated time to complete: 2 h

Includes audio: yes

Required plug-ins:   Flash RealPlayer Java Adobe® Reader®
 * Plug-in information

Last published on: 2004-07-15

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Description:
This case study focuses on making a forecast and writing a TAF so that it best represents the meteorological situation to aviation customers. During the exercise, the student prepares a forecast for Sioux Falls, South Dakota. As part of the Distance Learning Aviation Course 1 (DLAC1) on Fog and Stratus Forecasting, the exercise applies concepts taught in the rest of the course, with special emphasis on determining the impacts on airfield flight operations and creating a TAF that describes those impacts. The module is a re-creation of several live teletraining sessions offered in 2003 as part of DLAC1.

Objectives:
• Use model analyses, forecast products, soundings, and climatology to write a customer-friendly TAF
• Evaluate the impacts of forecasted ceiling and visibility conditions on the airfield operations
• Verify the accuracy and usefulness of your TAF

Estimated time to complete: 2 h

Includes audio: yes

Required plug-ins:   Flash RealPlayer Java Adobe® Reader®
 * Plug-in information

Last published on: 2004-07-15

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Description:
This module addresses issues surrounding the direct and indirect impacts of restricted ceilings and visibilities on aviation operations and also briefly examines their impacts on ground and marine transportation. The goal is improve forecaster awareness of how their forecasts of these events affect commercial and general aviation operation. This module is part of the Distance Learning Course 1: Forecasting Fog and Low Stratus.

Objectives:
• Increase awareness of the various users of ceilings and visibility forecasts and how forecasts of these conditions impact (both positively and negatively) aviation operations within each user group
    o Improve forecaster understanding of the impacts of reduced visibility and ceilings on commercial and general aviation operations
    o Improve forecaster understanding of the impact to aviation operations from forecasts (TAFs) of reduced ceiling and visibility due to fog and low stratus
    o Provide recommendations on how and when to amend TAFs to best reflect current and forecast conditions
• Increase awareness of the need to be knowledgeable about supported airport configurations
• Increase knowledge of critical thresholds and their variations from one airport to another and one user group to another

Estimated time to complete: 1 h

Includes audio: no

Required plug-ins:   Flash RealPlayer Java Adobe® Reader®
 * Plug-in information

Last published on: 2003-06-28

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Description:
Fog frequently forms in response to dynamically forced changes in the boundary layer. This module examines dynamically forced fog in the coastal and marine environment, focusing on advection fog, steam fog, and west coast type fog. The focus of the module is on the boundary layer evolution of air parcels as they traverse trajectories over land and water. The module also examines mesoscale effects that impact the distribution of fog and low-level stratus over short distances. A general discussion of forecast products and methodologies concludes the module.

Objectives:
After completing this module, the learner should be able to do the following things:

With regard to the general features of dynamically forced fog and stratus:

• Describe the differences in boundary layer characteristics and evolution for advection, West Coast, and steam fog in a marine environment
• Describe the differences in synoptic environments for advection, West Coast, and steam fog in a marine environment
• Describe the relationship of sea surface temperature to fog formation for advection, West Coast, and steam fog in a marine environment
With regard to advection fog:
• Describe the general synoptic environment that is conducive to fog formation
• List at least 2 ways that subtropical high-pressure systems contribute to the formation of advection fog
• Describe the evolution of the boundary layer along an air parcel trajectory that leads to advection fog
• Describe how sea surface temperature changes along an air parcel trajectory that leads to advection fog
• Recall the origins of strong sea surface temperature gradients
• On a world map, identify areas prone to advection fog
• Recall the seasonality of advection fog

With regard to West Coast fog and low stratus:

• Describe the general synoptic environment that is conducive to fog formation
• List at least 2 ways that subtropical high-pressure systems contribute to the formation of West Coast fog and low stratus
• Describe the evolution of the boundary layer along an air parcel trajectory that leads to West Coast fog and low stratus
• List at least 2 ways that the boundary layer cools to saturation in a West Coast fog/stratus event.
• Recall the role of upwelling in the formation of West Coast fog and low stratus
• On a world map, identify areas prone to West Coast fog and low stratus
• Recall the seasonality of West Coast fog and low stratus
With regard to steam fog:
• Describe the general synoptic environment that is conducive to fog formation
• Describe the characteristics and evolution of the boundary layer along an air parcel trajectory that leads to steam fog
• On a world map, identify areas prone to steam fog
• Recall the seasonality of steam fog events

With regard to mesoscale influences upon dynamically forced fog:

• Describe the effects of coastal topography in fog formation
• Describe how coastal jets affect fog formation and dissipation
• Describe how sea breezes affect fog formation and dissipation
• Describe the impact of local variations in sea surface temperature on fog formation and dissipation

With regard to forecasting dynamically forced fog:

• Describe the general approach to forecasting fog
• List at least 4 critical atmospheric fields to monitor in plan view when forecasting fog
• List at least 4 critical atmospheric fields to monitor in vertical profiles when forecasting fog
• Describe the limitations of NWP models in fog forecasting

Estimated time to complete: 3 h

Includes audio: yes

Required plug-ins:   Flash RealPlayer Java Adobe® Reader®
 * Plug-in information

Last published on: 2005-03-01

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Description:
This module consists of four exercises where users identify surface features, distinguish clouds from snow on the ground, and determine cloud phase using multispectral analysis. The module also includes an overview of multispectral techniques available on many operational and research polar-orbiting satellites. A page with links to real-time polar-orbiting data and information is also included.

Objectives:
• State the properties of the 1.6 micrometer channel used in feature identification
• State the properties channels in the 3.5 to 4 micrometer region in feature identification
• List the advantages and limitations of the 1.6 micrometer channel in cloud identification
• List the advantages and limitations of the 1.6 micrometer channel in identifying snow on the ground
• List the advantages and limitations of channels in the 3.5 to 4 micrometer region for cloud identification
• List the advantages and limitations of channels in the 3.5 to 4 micrometer region in identifying snow on the ground
• Apply the properties of the visible, IR Window, 1.6 micrometer, and 3.7 micrometer channels to:
o Distinguish clouds from snow on the ground
o Determine the phase (ice or water) of clouds
o Detect the presence of fog
o Distinguish open water from ice-covered areas of lakes and rivers

Estimated time to complete: 1-2 h

Includes audio: yes

Required plug-ins:   Flash RealPlayer Java Adobe® Reader®
 * Plug-in information

Last published on: 2002-07-03

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Description:
This module deals with identifying the characteristics of radiation versus advection fog events, determining which process is dominating, and applying that understanding when making ceiling and visibility forecasts. A forecast approach using a decision tree is also discussed. This decision tree outlines the basic steps involved in applying a thorough forecast approach to fog and stratus events. The module is based on live teletraining sessions offered in 2003 as part of the Distance Learning Aviation Course 1 (DLAC1) on Fog and Stratus Forecasting.

Objectives:
1. Describe the differing processes that lead to radiation fog and advection fog

2. State the two key ingredients for the formation of fog or low stratus: increasing moisture in the boundary layer or decreasing boundary layer temperatures.

3. Properly identify which processes are dominating a particular fog or low stratus event. You can do this by:

• Examining the characteristics of the processes involved,
• Examining the low-level factors that are influencing the event, and
• Comparing these to the known characteristics, processes, and factors that distinguish a radiation event from an advective event.

Estimated time to complete: 2 h

Includes audio: Yes

Required plug-ins:   Flash RealPlayer Java Adobe® Reader®
 * Plug-in information

Last published on: 2004-07-15

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Description:
This module discusses the current theories of atmospheric conditions associated with aircraft icing and applies the theories to the icing diagnosis and forecast process. The contribution of liquid water content, temperature, and droplet size parameters to icing are examined. Identification of icing type, icing severity, and the hazards associated with icing features are presented. Tools to help diagnose atmospheric processes that may be contributing to icing and the special case of supercooled large drop (SLD) icing are examined and applied in short exercises.

The use of graphics, animations, and interactive exercises in Forecasting Aviation Icing: Icing Type and Severity helps the forecaster to gain an understanding of icing processes, to identify icing hazards, and to apply diagnosis and forecast tools as aids to evaluate and anticipate potential aircraft icing threats.

The subject matter expert for this module is Dr. Marcia Politovich of
NCAR/Research Applications Program.

This module is also available in French.

Objectives:
The goal of this training module is to help you improve your icing forecasts by

1. Becoming more familiar with the types, conditions, and hazards of aircraft icing.
2. Learning what factors determine icing type and severity, and how they interrelate.
3. Knowing what physical processes create favorable icing conditions.
4. Recognizing the types of mesoscale environments that generate such physical processes.
5. Learning some techniques to apply and patterns to look for when diagnosing data products for possible icing threats.

Performance Objectives

A. Aircraft Icing
1. Name and distinguish between the main types of in-flight aircraft icing; rank them in terms of potential hazard to aviation.
2. Describe the conditions under which the main types of in-flight aircraft icing form.
3. Name and distinguish between the four icing severity reporting categories used by pilots.

B. Icing Factors
1. Name the main factors that determine the type and severity of icing to expect in a given environment.
2. Identify ranges of values for liquid water content, temperature, and altitude that are most favorable to icing.
3. Describe the influence of droplet size on ice collection efficiency and accretion pattern.
4. Predict the most likely icing type and severity level to expect for given ranges of cloud liquid water content, temperature, and droplet size.

C. Icing Environments and Physical Processes
1. Describe the impact to icing of each of the six categories of water phase transitions.
2. Describe several of the most favorable synoptic and mesoscale environments for development of hazardous icing conditions:

• Three patterns that enhance cloud formation and hence icing potential
• Three environments that are especially conducive to supercooled large drop formation
• Two physical processes that support supercooled large drop formation
• Cloud-top conditions most favorable to supercooled large drop formation

D. Data Assessment
1. Assess the icing threat in various layers of skew T-log p diagrams.
2. Identify favorable areas and layers for supercooled large drop formation integrating:
• GOES 3.9 micron imagery
• Skew-T diagrams
• Profiler data
• WSR-88D reflectivity and velocity
• Surface precipitation observations

Estimated time to complete: 3-5 h

Includes audio: no

Required plug-ins:   Flash RealPlayer Java Adobe® Reader®
 * Plug-in information

Last published on: 1998-03-13

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Description:
This is the second module in the Mesoscale Meteorology Primer series. This module starts with a forecast scenario that occurs during a winter radiation fog event in the Central Valley of California. After that, a conceptual section covers the physical processes of radiation fog through its life cycle. Operational sections addressing fog detection and forecasting conclude the module

Objectives:
At the end of the module you should be able to do the following things:

With Regard to the Preconditioning Environment:

• Identify key conditions and ingredients necessary for development of radiation fog
• Discriminate between large-scale low-level environments that are favorable and unfavorable for development of radiation fog
• Describe the sequence of key surface and boundary layer processes that prepare the low-level environment for development of radiation fog
• Demonstrate an understanding of how surface cooling dries the micro-boundary layer and prevents low-level condensation from being deposited onto the surface
• Rank various surface and surface cover types in terms of the relative speed with which low-level air in contact with them will reach saturation

With Regard to Initiation and Growth:

• Identify levels at which radiative cooling is most active at various stages of the fog initiation and growth process
• Demonstrate an understanding of the effects that various condensation nuclei types and concentrations have on fog formation
• Sequence the key processes and events that occur during formation of a layer of radiation fog
• Demonstrate an understanding of how the fog-top inversion is created by the fog itself
• Demonstrate an understanding of influences that heat flux from the surface have on a fog layer during its initiation and growth

With Regard to Maintenance Phase:

• Describe key processes that balance one another to allow a fog layer to maintain a relatively constant depth
• Identify conditions in and above a fog-top layer that support continued condensate production
• Identify conditions in and above a fog-top layer that restrict further deepening
• Demonstrate an understanding of the effects that various condensation nuclei types and concentrations have on fog maintenance
• Demonstrate an understanding of the effects that introduction of an overlying cloud layer have on a mature fog layer at the surface
• Demonstrate an understanding of influences that heat flux from the surface have on a mature fog layer
• Identify the typical level of a fog-top inversion
• Demonstrate an understanding of how the fog-top inversion is maintained by various processes at and above the top of the fog layer

With Regard to Dissipation Phase:

• Identify key processes that contribute to the dissipation of a fog layer
• Apply a droplet settling rate calculation to predict the time required for a given depth of fog layer to settle to the ground in the absence of any new condensate production
• Demonstrate an understanding of how radiative heating contributes to dissipation of a fog layer
• Demonstrate an understanding of how turbulent mixing contributes to dissipation of a fog layer
• Demonstrate an understanding of how changes in low-level winds can contribute to dissipation of a fog layer
• Demonstrate an understanding of how introduction of an overlying cloud layer can contribute to dissipation of a fog layer
With Regard to Detecting Fog:
• Identify surface observations that show atmospheric conditions conducive to radiation fog
• Identify soundings that show atmospheric conditions conducive to radiation fog
• Identify fog in satellite images
• Describe the limitations of infrared satellite images for detecting radiation fog

With Regard to Forecasting Fog:

• Describe the diurnal cycle of radiation fog occurrence
• Demonstrate and understanding of the strong seasonal dependence of radiation fog occurrence in at least two localities
• Describe which forecast products best show the atmospheric conditions conducive to radiation fog
• Describe the limitations of numerical forecast models in predicting radiation fog

Estimated time to complete: 2 h

Includes audio: yes

Required plug-ins:   Flash RealPlayer Java Adobe® Reader®
 * Plug-in information

Last published on: 2002-02-04

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Description:
This Web-based learning module is the second title in a series of modules about the use of diagnostic tools to evaluate icing type and severity. Marcia Politovich of the NCAR Research Applications Program (RAP) is the principle subject matter expert. The module teaches how to assess surface observations, upper-air charts, and pilot reports (PIREPs) in order to diagnose the aviation icing environment. Topics include strengths, weaknesses, and appropriate uses of these data, data assessment methods, interpretation and evaluation of PIREPs, and a bottom-up procedure for integrated icing diagnosis at a particular location. This module includes numerous practice exercises allowing learners to improve their skills in icing assessment using these basic observational tools.

Objectives:
The goal of this training module is to help you improve your skill in using observational and pilot report data to locate areas and layers that are likely to have favorable conditions for in-flight aircraft icing.

Performance Objectives
Use surface observations to evaluate:
• precipitation location & type
• temperatures
• cloud cover & type, ceiling heights
• air mass configurations (indicated by fronts, low pressure centers, etc.)
Use upper-air charts and analyses to evaluate:
• cloud layers, cloud tops, likely cloud phase
• temperature structure
And interpret PIREPs to:
• identify location, altitude and time of icing reports
• identify icing type & severity reported
• assess the spatial extent of icing based on reports
Based on these:
• infer likely precipitation and temperature structure above a location
• locate likely areas and layers containing supercooled liquid water (SLW) & freezing precipitation
• assess applicability of PIREPs
• identify areas without icing PIREPs that are likely to contain icing conditions
• track trends and changes in icing conditions

Estimated time to complete: 1-2 h

Includes audio: no

Required plug-ins:   Flash RealPlayer Java Adobe® Reader®
 * Plug-in information

Last published on: 1999-04-08

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Description:
Marcia Politovich of the NCAR Research Applications Program (RAP) is the principle subject matter expert for this
Web-based learning module. The module teaches how to assess vertical profiles of wind, temperature, dewpoint, and frost point in order to diagnose airmass characteristics, cloud layers, and possible aviation icing layers. Topics include strengths, weaknesses, and appropriate uses of rawinsonde and profiler data for assessment of aviation icing, icing characteristics of the different extratropical cyclone air masses, identification of dry and saturated layers and possible zones of favorable conditions for aircraft icing, and ice seeding and glaciation processes. If you wish, you may launch the module from this location. Note: This module requires use of the companion CD-ROM called The Icing Event of 6 March 1996.

Objectives:
The goal of this training module is to help you improve your skill in using sounding and profiler data to locate areas and layers that are likely to have favorable conditions for in-flight aircraft icing.

Performance Objectives

• Analyze skew-T diagrams and wind profile time series to identify the likely extratropical cyclone air masses influencing them.
• Describe the typical characteristics of the different extratropical cyclone air masses as they relate to aviation icing conditions.
• Analyze profiles of temperature, dewpoint, frost point, and winds in skew T-log p diagrams to identify dry and saturated layers and possible zones of favorable conditions for aircraft icing.
• Apply knowledge of ice seeding and glaciation processes to various cloud layer configurations to anticipate the evolution of icing conditions.
• Describe strengths, weaknesses, and appropriate uses of rawinsonde and profiler data for assessment of aviation icing.

Estimated time to complete: 1-2 h

Includes audio: no

Required plug-ins:   Flash RealPlayer Java Adobe® Reader®
 * Plug-in information

Last published on: 1999-04-08

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Description:
Local and mesoscale influences can make or break your fog or stratus forecast. Influences of local water bodies, terrain, vegetation, soil characteristics, and coastal features on the lower atmosphere can play a vital role in the development, duration, and intensity of these events. As part of the Distance Learning Course 1: Forecasting Fog and Low Stratus, this module examines several of these influences and discusses how they enhance or inhibit a fog or stratus event.

Objectives:
• Identify three local factors that can enhance fog or stratus development and be able to explain why
• Identify and describe the processes external to the boundary layer that influence duration, intensity, and dissipation
• Identify and describe the processes internal to the boundary layer that influence duration, intensity, and dissipation

Estimated time to complete: 2-3 h

Includes audio: no

Required plug-ins:   Flash RealPlayer Java Adobe® Reader®
 * Plug-in information

Last published on: 2003-06-28

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Description:
This module presents the physical processes and life cycle of radiation fog, including its preconditioning environment, initiation, growth, and dissipation. The processes include radiation (both solar and longwave), soil-atmosphere thermal interactions, turbulent mixing, the roles of condensation nuclei, and droplet settling. Each section includes a set of interactive questions based on the learning content presented.

Tom Dulong of the National Weather Service Center Weather Service Unit (CWSU) in Longmont, Colorado is the Principal Science Advisor for this module, and Dr. Paul Croft, Meteorology Program Coordinator for Jackson State University, provided additional scientific review and guidance.

Objectives:
The goal of this training module is to help