MetEd: Meteorology Education and Training. Operated by the COMET Program

Description:
In order to help forecasters build a strategy for anticipating convective storm structures, their evolution, and the potential for severe weather, A Convective Storm Matrix provides learners the opportunity for extensive exploration of the relationship between a storm's environment and its structure.

The matrix is composed of 54 four-dimensional numerical simulations based on the interactions of 16 different hodographs and 4 thermodynamic profiles. By comparing animated displays of these simulations, learners are able to discern the influences of varying buoyancy and vertical wind shear profiles on storm structure and evolution.

A series of questions guides the exploration and helps to reveal key storm/environment relationships evident in the matrix. A synopsis of the physical processes that control storm structure, as well as the current conceptual models of key convective storms types, is included for reference.

Subject matter expects for A Convective Storm Matrix: Buoyancy/Shear Dependencies include Mr. Steve Keighton, Mr. Ed Szoke, and Dr. Morris Weisman.

Note: This module was originally published on CD-ROM in March 1996 (v1.1) and re-released in 2001 as v1.3 for Microsoft Windows users only. CD-ROM version 1.3 works fairly well with Windows 98/ME/NT4/2000 but has reported to be problematic with Windows XP. Users of version 1.1 should obtain the patch located at http://www.comet.ucar.edu/help/ModuleSupport/matrix_problem.htm or use the new, Web-based module.

Estimated time to complete: 3-4 h

Includes audio: no

Required plug-ins:   Flash RealPlayer Java Adobe® Reader®
 * Plug-in information

Last published on: 2003-04-09

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Description:
This presentation by Dr. Eve Gruntfest raises important issues of how floods and other disasters, including land-falling hurricanes and their related warnings, affect public attitudes and actions. Awareness of these social science considerations is important for persons responsible for public weather warnings as well as other types of public interaction.

Estimated time to complete: 30 min

Includes audio: yes

Required plug-ins:   Flash RealPlayer Java Adobe® Reader®
 * Plug-in information

Last published on: 2001-03-26

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Description:
The “Advanced Fire Weather Forecasters Course Orientation” module introduces the organization of the course, the topics presented, and the intended audience, as well as the motivation for converting this course to online training. This web module is part of the Advanced Fire Weather Forecasters Course..

Objectives:
At the end of this module you should be able to:
1. Describe the structure of the Advanced Fire Weather Forecasters Course and component modules.

Estimated time to complete: 15 m

Includes audio: yes

Required plug-ins:   Flash RealPlayer Java Adobe® Reader®
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Last published on: 2008-06-12

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Description:
This webcast is an expert lecture presented by Dr. Mitch Goldberg, Chief of the Satellite Meteorology and Climatology Division at NOAA/NESDIS. His presentation is divided into four sections 1) the importance of satellite observing systems, 2) a brief review of remote sensing principles, 3) results from current observing systems including AIRS, IASI, and CrIS, and 4) the importance of having hyperspectral soundings also taken from geostationary orbit. The lecture introduces listeners to what hyperspectral observations are, how they are done, some current products, and how these observations contribute to improved monitoring of atmospheric temperature, moisture, and even trace gases, environmental hazards, climate, oceans, and land. It also discusses how these data lead to improvements in numerical weather prediction.

Objectives:
After completing this module you should be able to:

• Describe the basic science behind hyperspectral observation from satellites
• Describe and contrast the capabilities of some current and future hyperspectral sounders (AIRS, IASI, and CrIS)
• Identify key environmental areas to which hyperspectral observations already contribute or will contribute
• Identify several limitations/challenges related to making hyperspectral satellite observations
• Describe the relationship between hyperspectral soundings taken in low-earth orbit and geostationary orbit

Estimated time to complete: 1 h

Includes audio: yes

Required plug-ins:   Flash RealPlayer Java Adobe® Reader®
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Last published on: 2008-10-14

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Description:
This Webcast covers the ocean surface wind retrieval process, the basics of microwave polarization as it relates to wind retrievals, and several operational examples. Information on the development of microwave sensors used to retrieve ocean surface wind speed and the ocean surface wind vector (speed and direction) is also included.

Objectives:
State some key meteorological applications for ocean surface winds

• Describe the benefits of using microwave remote sensing to observe ocean winds
• Describe the differences between active and passive microwave remote sensing
• Describe in general terms, the emission, transmission, and scattering of microwave energy within the Earth-atmosphere system
• State the key assumptions for derivation of wind speed and direction from passive observation of microwave radiation
• Describe the limitations of passive microwave remote sensing and impacts on deriving wind speed and direction (this applies to both product limits and accuracy)
• Use cloud liquid water imagery to help assess the validity of the wind speed and direction vector

Estimated time to complete: 45 min

Includes audio: yes

Required plug-ins:   Flash RealPlayer Java Adobe® Reader®
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Last published on: 2005-11-28

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Description:
The “Introduction to Ensemble Streamflow Prediction” module provides basic information on probabilistic streamflow forecasting. In this webcast, Dr. Richard Koehler, the National Hydrologic Sciences Training Coordinator for NOAA's NWS, presents information about the types of organizations that might use probabilistic streamflow forecasts as well as foundation concepts and background for ESP methods. The module begins with a brief review of hydrologic models including deterministic, stochastic, and scenario-based approaches. It then provides an overview of time-series approaches including a summary of traditional techniques such as flood frequency, flood analysis, statistical analysis, and trend analysis. Finally, the module presents the basics of ESP techniques including an explanation of its strengths, weaknesses, and appropriate application. The module also provides guidance on how to interpret ensemble forecast products.

Objectives:
Describe terminology and definitions for Ensemble Streamflow Prediction, or ESP:
- Use standard language to describe ESP.
- Explain what time series, realizations, and ensembles represent.
- Describe basic processes using output from scenario-based deterministic models and traditional streamflow analysis methods.

Describe methods and techniques used in ESP:
- Describe current modeling methods and tools used in trace plots.
- Describe product output from ESP.
- Describe use of verification of ESP products.

Estimated time to complete: 60 min

Includes audio: yes

Required plug-ins:   Flash RealPlayer Java Adobe® Reader®
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Last published on: 2007-01-30

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Description:
A course outline is available online at http://www.comet.ucar.edu/class/POES_2001/outline.htm.

Estimated time to complete: 75 min

Includes audio: yes

Required plug-ins:   Flash RealPlayer Java Adobe® Reader®
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Last published on: 2002-07-09

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Description:
This Webcast provides an overview of the EUMETSAT Polar System (EPS), Europe's first dedicated operational polar-orbiting weather satellite program. EPS contributes to the Initial Joint Polar System (IJPS) under a cooperation agreement between EUMETSAT and NOAA to provide and improve operational meteorological and environmental forecasting and global climate monitoring services worldwide. The highly innovative features implemented with EPS include high-level sounding performance and enhanced data streams that further improve the capabilities of advanced NWP systems. The Webcast takes one hour to complete.

Objectives:
After completing this Webcast, learners will be able to:

* Identify the three major disciplines to which EPS contributes.
* Describe the role of EPS within the Global Operational Satellite Observation System (GOSOS) and the Initial Joint Polar-Orbiting Operational Satellite System (IJPS).
* Describe the main differences between polar and geostationary satellites.
* Describe the EPS programme elements and how they contribute to the flow of data products.
* Identify the instruments on the Metop satellite and their primary applications.
* Describe the capabilities and anticipated benefits of the IASI hyperspectral sounder.
* Describe the main services provided by EPS.

Estimated time to complete: 1 h

Includes audio: yes

Required plug-ins:   Flash RealPlayer Java Adobe® Reader®
 * Plug-in information

Last published on: 2006-09-22

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Description:
This module includes an interactive MCS Matrix of numerical simulations illustrating the physical processes controlling MCS evolution, as well as an archive of the entire Web module, Mesoscale Convective Systems: Squall Lines and Bow Echoes.

Patterned after the CD Module A Convective Storm Matrix, the new MCS Matrix provides learners the opportunity for extensive exploration of the relationship between a MCSs environment and its structure. The matrix is composed of 21 four-dimensional numerical simulations based on the interactions of 10 different hodographs with a common thermodynamic profile. By comparing animated displays of these simulations learners are able to discern the influences of vertical wind shear and the Coriolis Force on MCS structure and evolution.

A series of questions guides the exploration and helps to reveal key storm/environment relationships evident in the matrix.

The subject matter expert for this module is Dr. Morris Weisman.

Note: This module was originally published 5/28/99 as a CD-ROM (v1.0) as dual module along with a local copy of the Web module Mesoscale Convective Systems: Squall Lines and Bow Echoes (v3.0). The CD-ROM version of An MCS Matrix (1.0) works fairly well with Windows 98/ME/NT4/2000 but has reported to be problematic with Windows XP. Windows XP Users of version 1.0 should use the new, Web-based module.

Estimated time to complete: 3-4 h

Includes audio: no

Required plug-ins:   Flash RealPlayer Java Adobe® Reader®
 * Plug-in information

Last published on: 2003-04-17

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Description:
This module describes the main elements to consider when analyzing wave model and buoy data. The module focuses on data products available from NOAA including spectral plots, maps, and text bulletins. East and West Coast wave-masking exercises conclude the module. The content in this module is an excerpt from the previously published COMET module Rip Currents: Forecasting.

Objectives:
At the end of this module, you should be able to do the following:

* Describe wave data available from the NDBC website and its limitations
* Using a spectral density plot for a buoy:
     (1) Determine the number of wave groups
     (2) Determine the peak period
* List the parameters that are determined by a wave model
* Describe a polar wave spectrum plot
* Describe the information available in a NWW3 text bulletin
* Use a polar wave spectrum plot to determine the following:
     (1) direction and period of wind waves and swell groups
     (2) number of wave/swell groups
* Use a NWW3 text bulletin to determine the following:
     (1) direction, period, and significant wave height of wind waves and swell groups
     (2) number of wave/swell groups
* Using buoy observations and wave model products determine the height and period of swell likely to strike a given coastline
* Describe what is meant by wave masking and how it might affect a surf forecast along the coast
* Using buoy observations and wave model products determine whether a wave model initialized well
* Describe the conditions under which a wave model simulation might be in error, and what errors might subsequently result

Estimated time to complete: 1 h

Includes audio: yes

Required plug-ins:   Flash RealPlayer Java Adobe® Reader®
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Last published on: 2008-08-13

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Description:
Antarctica: Challenging Forecasts for a Challenging Environment features two educational pieces. The first is the overview giving the general audience a broad look at Antarctica including some history, interesting facts, real-life experiences, climate, and the challenges inherent to this frozen continent. The second is the main presentation where experts in Antarctic research and forecasting, share their knowledge of the continent. They discuss forecasting challenges as well as present and future research topics while providing elaborations on the uniqueness in Antarctica’s location, topography, and forecasting techniques as compared to other parts of the globe.

Objectives:
1. Give the general audience a basic understanding of the uniqueness of Antarctica.
2. Give prospective Antarctic forecasters or meteorology students an understanding of the challenges in forecasting weather in Antarctica.
3. Provide students an overview of the tools used to monitor and forecast Antarctica’s weather.
4. Describe the connection of Antarctica with the rest of the earth’s climate system and the research that seeks to discover how it influences that system.

Estimated time to complete: 90 min

Includes audio: yes

Required plug-ins:   Flash RealPlayer Java Adobe® Reader®
 * Plug-in information

Last published on: 2007-08-14

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This module is not available on the Web. To order a CD, please see our contact information.

Description:
The primary purpose of the Anticipating Convective Storm Structure and evolution module is to provide forecasters a strategy for anticipating storm structures, their evolution, and the potential for severe weather, based on an understanding of the physical processes that control their development. Because convective storms develop rapidly, having the right set of expectations of what is possible and probable within the storm environment will allow forecasters to better manage their activities during a convective event.

A traditional approach to teaching about convective storms has been to discuss several classic storm types that reveal distinctive structural elements. However, these classic storm types are not the norm. In nature, thunderstorms exist along a continuous spectrum of possible structures rather than always falling into discrete categories. Storms often exhibit qualities of more than one classic type or evolve from one type into another during their life cycle. For this reason, this module examines convective storms based on the predominant physical processes involved in their development that tend to place them in a particular region of the spectrum.



Because forecasters also need to accurately monitor the evolution of convective storms in order to issue timely weather warnings and statements, this module will also demonstrate methods for monitoring storm evolution through the available data (in particular, modern radar data), based on a thorough understanding of the current conceptual models of convective storms. Numerous interactions and a set of summary exercises are included. Summary Page--Key Points to Remember are available online at http://meted.ucar.edu/convectn/mod8sumpag.pdf.



Subject matter expects for Anticipating Convective Storm Structure and Evolution include Dr. Morris Weisman, Steve Keighton, and Ed Szoke.

Estimated time to complete: 8-10 h

Includes audio: yes

Required plug-ins:   Flash RealPlayer Java Adobe® Reader®
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Last published on: 1997-04-29

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Description:
Hazardous weather affects us all. To help local emergency managers cope with weather hazards they may face, the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA) National Weather Service (NWS) offer a course titled Hazardous Weather and Flooding Preparedness. However, many people who make weather-related decisions are unable to attend this 2-3 day course.

The purpose of this Web-based course, Anticipating Hazardous Weather and Community Risk, is to provide background on weather and weather hazards for emergency managers and other decision makers. This course is intended to complement on-site courses offered by FEMA and NWS, so that they can focus on local hazards and community risk factors.

This course covers:

• Weather: How and why it forms
• Hazardous weather: Fact sheets on different phenomena
• Forecasting weather: The forecast process and products issued by the NWS
• Warning Partnership: How the NWS and emergency managers generate and communicate warnings
• Desktop Exercise: An opportunity to apply what you have learned in a flash flood scenario

FEMA Independent Study credit is available for those who complete the course and pass the exam. The subject matter experts for Anticipating Hazardous Weather and Community Risk are Randall C. Duncan, CEM - Sedgwick County (KS) Emergency Management, Bob Glancy - NWS, Bob Goldhammer - Polk County (IA) Emergency Management, Curt Nellis - County of Shenandoah (VA) Department of Fire and Rescue, John Ogren - NWS, and Bruce Sterling - Portsmouth (VA) Emergency Management.

Objectives:
• Explain basic processes that cause and/or signal hazardous weather
• List the main weather hazards and the factors that determine community risk
• Describe the basic weather forecasting process and its limitations
• Discuss various techniques for communicating information about weather hazards
• Distinguish which NWS forecast products are appropriate in various situations
• Analyze various source of information about a weather hazard and formulate a plan for dealing with a potential disaster

Estimated time to complete: 4-5 h

Includes audio: yes

Required plug-ins:   Flash RealPlayer Java Adobe® Reader®
 * Plug-in information

Last published on: 2001-03-08

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Description:
This module discusses how to apply various observational data and remote sensing tools such as satellite, METARS, soundings, profilers, radar, and model analyses to diagnose the potential for fog and/or low stratus. Various forecast tools (such as model forecast fields, forecast soundings, and BUFKIT) used to assess fog and/or low stratus potential onset, intensity, and duration are also examined. This module is part of the Distance Learning Course 1: Forecasting Fog and Low Stratus.

Objectives:
• Apply various observational data and remote sensing tools such as satellite, METARS, soundings, profilers, radar, and model analyses to diagnose the potential for fog and/or low stratus
• Apply various forecast tools such as model forecast fields, forecast soundings, and BUFKIT to assess fog and/or low stratus potential onset, intensity, and duration

Estimated time to complete: 3 h

Includes audio: no

Required plug-ins:   Flash RealPlayer Java Adobe® Reader®
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Last published on: 2003-06-28

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Description:
This module addresses the local and regional climatological considerations and presents tools and methodologies that can be used to assess whether atmospheric conditions can foster fog or low stratus development. Knowing your local climatology and assessing whether it supports favorable conditions for fog or low stratus development is an important step in the forecast process. A number of physical conditions that determine fog or stratus development are largely dictated by climatological restraints, as well as the synoptic pattern. This module is part of the Distance Learning Course 1: Forecasting Fog and Low Stratus.

Objectives:
Understand how climate data can be applied to the forecast process
• Understand the strength and limitations of the various types of climate data and their application to fog and stratus forecasting
• Demonstrate an ability to correctly apply climate data to fog and stratus forecasting

Estimated time to complete: 2 h

Includes audio: no

Required plug-ins:   Flash RealPlayer Java Adobe® Reader®
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Last published on: 2003-06-28

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Description:
The “Assessing Fire Danger” distance learning module explores techniques for recognizing weather and fuel conditions contributing to fire danger. The module includes a matrix of data sources offering useful weather, fuels, and other information related to fire ignition, spread, and intensity. An overview of situational awareness practices provides information relevant to forecasters in the office or field. This module is part of the Advanced Fire Weather Forecasters Course.

Objectives:
At the end of this module you should be able to:

1. Describe the fire “setup” stage and identify weather patterns that lead to fuel dryness,
2. understand fuel dryness evolution and how it relates to the National Fire Danger Rating System (NFDRS),
3. describe specific fire weather and fuel data sources that aid in determining fuel susceptibility,
4. apply situational awareness concepts to fire weather forecasting operations.

Estimated time to complete: 1 h

Includes audio: no

Required plug-ins:   Flash RealPlayer Java Adobe® Reader®
 * Plug-in information

Last published on: 2008-03-31

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Description:
In this Southern Hemisphere-focused module, the student can work through one major Australian severe thunderstorm event in detail and examine aspects of two other severe thunderstorm events as well. Follow a forecast time-line to assess data and make decisions from the pre-storm phase through the warning phase.



NOTE: The Bureau of Meteorology owns this module, NOT the COMET Program.

Estimated time to complete: 4-6 h

Includes audio: no

Required plug-ins:   Flash RealPlayer Java Adobe® Reader®
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Last published on: 2003-04-23

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Description:
This case exercise looks at a barrier jet event over central and eastern Colorado that took on historic significance in terms of snow amounts and variability in snow distribution. The module emphasizes the mechanisms for producing both very large accumulations and extreme small-scale variability. These mechanisms involved both dynamic and thermodynamic processes in this storm. Model and observed analyses and forecasts are considered in detail as the storm unfolds.

Objectives:
• Analyze a Rocky Mountain Front Range heavy precipitation event to determine the influence of a barrier jet on both precipitation type and amount.
• Forecast critical storm features in a barrier jet case, including winds and precipitation type and intensity.
• Monitor the development of the barrier jet features in the context of the larger-scale forcing.
• Examine the important processes governing the termination of the storm.

Estimated time to complete: 2-3 h

Includes audio: yes

Required plug-ins:   Flash RealPlayer Java Adobe® Reader®
 * Plug-in information

Last published on: 2006-07-27

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Description:
This brief presentation provides an overview of the COMET Basic Hydrologic Sciences course including: goal and target audiences, structure of the course and adapting it to your needs, and a brief description of course components.

Objectives:
1. Describe goal and target audiences of the COMET Basic Hydrologic Sciences course.

2. Be familiar with the structure of the Basic Hydrologic Sciences course and how to adapt it to your needs.

3. Briefly describe the course components of the Basic Hydrologic Sciences course.

Estimated time to complete: 15 min

Includes audio: yes

Required plug-ins:   Flash RealPlayer Java Adobe® Reader®
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Last published on: 2007-10-01

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Description:
“Basic Terminal Forecast Strategies” is the first component of the Distance Learning Course 2, Producing Customer-Focused TAFs. Basic Terminal Forecast Strategies is comprised of two lessons that provide 1) an introduction to understanding aviation customers and their needs and 2) a technique to meet those needs by producing clear, concise, and consistent terminal aerodrome forecasts (TAFs).

Objectives:
1. Identify aviation customer groups and describe how they use TAFs.
2. Recognize common terminal forecast problems that adversely impact customers.
3. Analyze TAFs to determine which would be considered "good" or "poor" by customers.
4. Describe how overuse of conditional terms (e.g., TEMPO) lowers forecast verification scores and impedes effective customer decision-making.
5. Describe the relationship between aviation verification scores and customer satisfaction.
6. Create a Practically Perfect TAF (PP TAF) that meets common customer needs.

Estimated time to complete: 2 h

Includes audio: yes

Required plug-ins:   Flash RealPlayer Java Adobe® Reader®
 * Plug-in information

Last published on: 2006-09-22

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Description:
This case exercise takes an in-depth look at a blowing snow event in the northern mainland of Canada. The case addresses specific low-level wind and snow conditions. Model data, satellite imagery, and observations are provided for assessing the potential for blowing snow and blizzard conditions as the event unfolds.

Objectives:
1. Review the winter climatology of this central Canadian region.
2. Recognize the specific low-level wind and snow conditions conducive to blowing snow/blizzard conditions.
3. Recognize the common synoptic patterns associated with a blowing snow event.
4. Consider the wind speed and direction forecasts for this event.
5. Examine the cessation of blowing snow conditions, from a forecasting standpoint.

Estimated time to complete: 60 min

Includes audio: yes

Required plug-ins:   Flash RealPlayer Java Adobe® Reader®
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Last published on: 2004-11-08

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Description:
This case exercise focuses on a potential fog event in Melbourne, Australia, on 6-7 April 2008. The key aim of this module is to step through the forecast process during a potential fog event from the perspective of an aviation forecaster with the Australian Bureau of Meteorology. This involves consideration of model guidance and observations, identification of potential areas of fog, forecasting and nowcasting fog formation and clearance, and considering and providing TAF updates throughout.

Objectives:
• Identify the possibility and classification of fog from the preconditions using synoptic charts and observations.
• Assess fog potential parameters in the short term and forecast the trends in the next 12-24 hours.
• Utilise and access relevant fog forecasting tools and assess their usefulness and limitations.
• Identify fog using a range of available tools.

Estimated time to complete: 2-3 h

Includes audio: yes

Required plug-ins:   Flash RealPlayer Java Adobe® Reader®
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Last published on: 2009-02-26

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Description:
This Webcast is an introduction by Dr. Alan Czarnetski of the University
of Northern Iowa to the CAMEO and HYSPLIT Models. CAMEO is often used by emergency managers to estimate local impacts (within 10 km) from a
hazardous atmospheric release. It consists of three main modules: a
chemical database, a dispersion model, and a mapping application. The
HYSPLIT model is a long-range transport and dispersion model that is
commonly used to track releases from nuclear power plants and smoke plumes
from forest fires. The module assumes that the user has already viewed the
Webcast, "Dispersion Basics", available from the main menu under
Topics|Other.

Objectives:
• Describe the CAMEO model and its three components
• Explain the inputs required for a CAMEO run
• Describe the HYSPLIT model and its required inputs
• Explain the uses and limitations of both models

Estimated time to complete: 33 min

Includes audio: yes

Required plug-ins:   Flash RealPlayer Java Adobe® Reader®
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Last published on: 2003-02-17

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Description:
The goal of the EPV chart is to aid operational forecasters in predicting CSI and slantwise convection. The description includes links to the online chart, which is updated twice daily by the CMC, as well as a list of synoptic considerations that will support your use of the EPV chart in identifying regions favorable for CSI and slantwise convection.

Estimated time to complete: 20 min

Includes audio: no

Required plug-ins:   Flash RealPlayer Java Adobe® Reader®
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Last published on: 2002-01-05

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Description:
This case examines an event that took place over New England and the Mid-Atlantic on 14 June 2001. As the culminating exercise for lessons 1 and 2 of the Distance Learning Aviation Course 1 (DLAC1) on Fog and Stratus Forecasting, its objectives are to 1) identify the preconditions favorable for fog or stratus development; 2) identify synoptic and local processes that influence the event; 3) assess onset time, duration, dissipation, and intensity; and 4) develop a TAF that reflects expected changes in ceiling and visibility. The module is a re-creation of several live teletraining sessions offered in 2003 as part of DLAC1.

Objectives:
• Identify the preconditions favorable for fog or stratus development
• Identify both the synoptic and local processes that will be influencing the event
• Determine the details of the forecast in terms of the onset time, the duration, and the time of dissipation, as well as the intensity of the event
• Assess how the fog or stratus event will affect ceiling and visibility
• Write a TAF forecast that reflects those changes in ceiling and visibility

Estimated time to complete: 2 h

Includes audio: yes

Required plug-ins:   Flash RealPlayer Java Adobe® Reader®
 * Plug-in information

Last published on: 2004-07-15

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Description:
This case study focuses on making a forecast and writing a TAF so that it best represents the meteorological situation to aviation customers. During the exercise, the student prepares a forecast for Sioux Falls, South Dakota. As part of the Distance Learning Aviation Course 1 (DLAC1) on Fog and Stratus Forecasting, the exercise applies concepts taught in the rest of the course, with special emphasis on determining the impacts on airfield flight operations and creating a TAF that describes those impacts. The module is a re-creation of several live teletraining sessions offered in 2003 as part of DLAC1.

Objectives:
• Use model analyses, forecast products, soundings, and climatology to write a customer-friendly TAF
• Evaluate the impacts of forecasted ceiling and visibility conditions on the airfield operations
• Verify the accuracy and usefulness of your TAF

Estimated time to complete: 2 h

Includes audio: yes

Required plug-ins:   Flash RealPlayer Java Adobe® Reader®
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Last published on: 2004-07-15

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Description:
During this presentation, Dr. Brad Colman (NOAA/NWS) covers both the philosophical and methodological approaches to weather forecasting in general, with a special emphasis on challenges introduced in areas of complex terrain. The insightful comments made by the presenter regarding recommended approaches to applying conceptual models, mesoscale model output, and decision trees in the forecast process are useful to anyone who predicts the weather.

Objectives:
• Review the forecast process.
• Become aware of the challenges of forecasting in the diverse terrain of the Western U.S.
• Review the characteristics of mesoscale circulations.
• Describe the impact of complex terrain on simple geostrophic flow.
• Compare and contrast objective and subjective forecasting techniques.

Estimated time to complete: 35 min

Includes audio: yes

Required plug-ins:   Flash RealPlayer Java Adobe® Reader®
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Last published on: 2003-12-22

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Description:
This module discusses climate change, particularly as it is currently being affected by increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases emitted by human activities. It also covers signs of climate change, how scientists study climate, the current thinking on future changes, and what can be done to minimize the effects.

Objectives:
1. List factors that influence climate on Earth.
2. Identify greenhouse gases and their sources and define their role in climate.
3. Identify the countries that contribute the most to greenhouse gas emissions.
4. Identify ways in which climate and climate change are studied.
5. Describe similarities and differences between weather and climate models.
6. Explain how the current rate of climate change compares with past episodes of climate change.
7. List various pieces of evidence for current climate change.
8. Describe evidence for human involvement in current climate change.
9. Explain the IPCC process.
10. List anticipated effects of future climate change, and determine which are considered most likely.

Estimated time to complete: 1.50 - 2.00 h

Includes audio: yes

Required plug-ins:   Flash RealPlayer Java Adobe® Reader®
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Last published on: 2009-05-11

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Description:
This module starts with a forecast scenario that occurs along the California coast. The module then proceeds to describe the structure and climatology of these disturbances, as well as their synoptic and mesoscale evolution. The instruction concludes with a section on forecasting coastally trapped wind reversals. The module also includes a concise summary for quick reference and a final exam to test your knowledge. Like other modules in the Mesoscale Meteorology Primer, this module comes with audio narration, rich graphics, and a companion print version.

Objectives:
At the end of the module you should be able to do the following things:

With regard to characteristics of CTWRs

• Describe how pressure, temperature, and wind change with passage of a coastally trapped wind reversal (CTWR)
• Recall how quickly CTWRs propagate up the U.S. West Coast
• Recall why SLP rises after passage of a CTWR
• Locate areas likely to experience CTWRs on a physical map of the world
• Recall the frequency of CTWRs along the California coast
• Explain why CTWRs are best explained as a Kelvin wave, rather than a gravity wave

With regard to the structure of CTWRs

• Describe how the MBL changes with passage of a CTWR
• Recognize how a cross-coast profile of the MBL changes during a CTWR
• Recognize a CTWR on a wind profiler record
• Recall the height at which wind first reverses direction as a CTWR propagates
• Recall the association of stratus formation with CTWRs

With regard to the synoptic evolution of CTWRs

• Describe how MSLP, 850-mb heights, and 500-mb heights depart from climatologic norms during a CTWR
• Describe how changes in MSLP and 850-mb pressure force low-level offshore winds, and how this affects sensible weather along the coast
• Describe how variations in MSLP affect along-shore pressure gradients
With regard to the mesoscale evolution of CTWRs
• Recall how the synoptic setup forces the mesoscale offshore low
• Recall how the offshore low moves during a CTWR
• Describe how coastal mountains force ageostrophic flow
• Recall how coastal mountains contribute to warming of offshore winds
• Describe how and why a mesoscale high forms along the coast
• Recall the factors that cause northward propagation of the CTWR

With regard to forecasting CTWRs

• Recall the 3 best synoptic clues for forecasting a CTWR
• Recall where the offshore low forms with respect to the low-level offshore flow
• Recall where the stratus surge initiates with respect to the offshore low
• Describe the use and limitations of mesoscale NWP models in predicting CTWRs

Estimated time to complete: 1.5-2 h

Includes audio: yes

Required plug-ins:   Flash RealPlayer Java Adobe® Reader®
 * Plug-in information

Last published on: 2002-08-06

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Description:
Cold Air Damming is part of the Mesoscale Meteorology Primer series. This module first presents a Navy forecast scenario prior to the development of a major cold air damming (CAD) event along the east slopes of the Appalachian Mountains. Then, from a conceptual standpoint, the classic CAD scenario is described in detail, both from an observational and modeling standpoint.

Objectives:
After completing this module, the learner should be able to do the following things:

Characterize cold air damming

• Identify the elements that are required for a CAD event.
• Identify sensible weather phenomena associated with cold air damming.
• Describe the nature and importance of overrunning winds in a CAD event.
• Describe the conditions leading to a barrier jet during a CAD event.
• Identify the origin of precipitation particles in a CAD event.
• Locate the deepest part of the pool of cold air in a CAD event.

Classify CAD events

• Recognize the three different types of CAD events.
• Recall the different cooling processes important to cold air damming.
• Describe the role different cooling processes play in the different types of CAD events.
• Match cooling processes to their respective causes.

Describe the climatology of cold air damming

• Identify geographically where CAD events occur.
• Remember the climatology of CAD events for the following:
• Seasonal occurrence,
• Probability of occurrence, and
• Duration of events

Identify a CAD event

• Identify a CAD event from synoptic MSLP, 850 mb, and 500 mb pressure charts.
• Identify a CAD event from soundings.
• Identify a CAD event from surface observations.
Forecast the start of a CAD event
• Using MSLP charts, identify the synoptic conditions that lead to cold air damming for the Appalachians and other mountain ranges, including the Rocky Mountains, Alps, and Andes.
• Identify atmospheric conditions that lead to terrain blocking and cold air damming.
• Recognize the limitations of forecast models in a predicting a CAD event.

Forecast the end of a CAD event

• Using synoptic charts, choose the charts that indicate dissipation of a CAD event in a 24-hour time frame.
• From soundings, recognize the atmospheric conditions leading to dissipation of a CAD event.
• Identify surface observations that indicate the dissipation of a CAD event.

Estimated time to complete: 1-1.5 h

Includes audio: yes

Required plug-ins:   Flash RealPlayer Java Adobe® Reader®
 * Plug-in information

Last published on: 2001-06-18

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Description:
The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service (NWS) annually hold courses, called An Introduction to Hurricane Preparedness, at the National Hurricane Center in Miami, Florida. The number of students who can attend every year is far less than the number of people who are involved in making decisions during hurricanes.

The purpose of this computer-based course, Community Hurricane Preparedness, is to provide emergency managers and decision makers who cannot attend the course with basic information about:

• How hurricanes form
• The hazards they pose
• How the NWS forecasts future hurricane behavior
• What tools and guiding principles can help emergency managers prepare their communities

Community Hurricane Preparedness is not intended to take the place of the Miami course or other courses sponsored by FEMA and/or state agencies. However, it will provide a good background for those who have not yet attended those courses.

The subject matter experts for Community Hurricane Preparedness are Max Mayfield – NWS, William Massey – FEMA, Dr. Robert Smith – FEMA, John Wilson – Lee County Division of Public Safety, and William Winn, Jr. – Beaufort County Emergency Management Department.

Objectives:
• Describe the basic processes and factors that contribute to the development, growth and demise of a hurricane
• Identify the parts of a hurricane
• List ways in which meteorologists monitor hurricane development
• Describe hazards from hurricanes
• Discuss the basic hurricane forecasting process and its limitations
• Analyze various source of information about a hurricane and formulate a plan for dealing with the potential disaster

Estimated time to complete: 4-5 h

Includes audio: yes

Required plug-ins:   Flash RealPlayer Java Adobe® Reader®
 * Plug-in information

Last published on: 1999-12-10

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Description:
Tropical waves are prolific rainfall producers that sometimes form tropical cyclones. Conceptual models of tropical waves are used to help learners understand the dynamical characteristics and evolution of tropical waves. Users will learn about the vertical and horizontal structure of tropical waves and the typical weather changes that accompany the passage of a tropical wave. Four different methods of tracking tropical waves are also provided. The Webcast is presented by Mr. Horace Burton and Mr. Selvin Burton of the Caribbean Institute for Meteorology and Hydrology under the auspices of the MeteoForum Project.

Objectives:
After completing this Webcast, users should be able to:

• Define tropical waves and state why they are important


• Describe the typical wavelength, frequency, propagation speed, and direction of tropical waves


• Describe the horizontal structure and vertical structure of tropical waves in terms of winds, moisture and temperature


• Describe the lifecycle of Reihl's Classical easterly wave in terms of wind velocity, relative humidity, clouds, and precipitation


• Identify tropical waves based on Frank's Inverted 'V' model, i.e., banded clouds in the shape of an inverted 'V'


• Describe the relationship between the upper and lower troposphere flow in Frank's conceptual model


• Describe the characteristics of African waves including their origin, wavelength, and relative intensity between inland and the coast


• Describe the typical distribution of divergence in African waves


• Describe the distribution of vorticity in African waves


• Describe the distribution of clouds and precipitation in African waves


• Understand that inter-annual variations in the frequency and strength of African waves are correlated with the occurrence of intense Atlantic storms


• Detect and track tropical waves using satellite imagery, satellite-derived surface winds, wind profiles, and model output

Estimated time to complete: 35 min

Includes audio: yes

Required plug-ins:   Flash RealPlayer Java Adobe® Reader®
 * Plug-in information

Last published on: 2006-04-21

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Description:
This Webcast features Heather Hauser of NOAA/ERH/SSD describing the utility of and introducing the methodology for conducting composite analysis as part of the NWS Climate Services program. This 30-minute presentation is intended to introduce climate focal points to the composite analysis process and will be a useful prerequisite to attending the Operational Climate Services residence courses, where the topic will be explored further. Composite analysis is the foundation of a forthcoming local climate-related product, the "3 Month Outlook of Local El Nino/La Nina Impacts."

Objectives:
1. To describe the rationale and utility of composite analysis

2. To identify other training available on composite analysis

3. To ensure that climate focal points know the operational roles and expectations at NWS field offices, and

4. To describe the general methodology for conducting composite analysis

Estimated time to complete: 30 min

Includes audio: yes

Required plug-ins:   Flash RealPlayer Java Adobe® Reader®
 * Plug-in information

Last published on: 2005-07-01

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Description:
This module presents an overview of how satellite data are turned into the satellite products used by operational forecasters and the research and educational communities, etc. The module begins by describing the process of creating simple image products that use relatively simple image manipulation techniques to highlight properties such as wind-blown dust, vegetation, and cloud phase. The module then describes some of the more complex processes involved in generating quantitative products, such as cloud identification, atmospheric instability, wildfire characterization, and sea surface temperature. Finally, the module introduces advanced products that use the thousands of channels on hyperspectral instruments to derive a variety of geophysical parameters related to the characterization of aerosols, trace gases, cloud microphysics, and atmospheric profiling, etc. The discussion of quantitative products uses the example of the Meteosat cloud mask, which indicates whether a pixel in a satellite image is clear or cloudy. Cloud mask products are important to all environmental satellites in that they form the basis for many other derived products.

Objectives:
After completing this Webcast, learners will be able to:

* List the benefits of using satellite products.
* For the three levels of products (simple, quantitative, and “cutting edge”), define the type of product, describe its advantages and, on a very basic level, some of the production techniques and strategies, and identify several products generated by it.
* Describe the purpose and function of cloud mask products.
* Describe some of the sources of error in the product generation process.

Estimated time to complete: 1 h

Includes audio: yes

Required plug-ins:   Flash RealPlayer Java Adobe® Reader®
 * Plug-in information

Last published on: 2008-06-23

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Description:
This module addresses issues surrounding the direct and indirect impacts of restricted ceilings and visibilities on aviation operations and also briefly examines their impacts on ground and marine transportation. The goal is improve forecaster awareness of how their forecasts of these events affect commercial and general aviation operation. This module is part of the Distance Learning Course 1: Forecasting Fog and Low Stratus.

Objectives:
• Increase awareness of the various users of ceilings and visibility forecasts and how forecasts of these conditions impact (both positively and negatively) aviation operations within each user group
    o Improve forecaster understanding of the impacts of reduced visibility and ceilings on commercial and general aviation operations
    o Improve forecaster understanding of the impact to aviation operations from forecasts (TAFs) of reduced ceiling and visibility due to fog and low stratus
    o Provide recommendations on how and when to amend TAFs to best reflect current and forecast conditions
• Increase awareness of the need to be knowledgeable about supported airport configurations
• Increase knowledge of critical thresholds and their variations from one airport to another and one user group to another

Estimated time to complete: 1 h

Includes audio: no

Required plug-ins:   Flash RealPlayer Java Adobe® Reader®
 * Plug-in information

Last published on: 2003-06-28

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Description:
This is the first module of a two-part series offering an introduction to the science explaining catastrophic dam failure and flood-wave prediction methods associated with these events. Through use of rich illustrations, animations, and interactions, this module explains key terminology and concepts including dam types and purposes, failure statistics, the general dam failure process, open channel hydraulics, critical flow, Manning's equation, and conveyance. The information covered in this two module series will provide a scientific foundation for advanced course work needed to run dam break simulations and to conduct hydraulic modeling as a part of dynamic wave forecasting.

Objectives:
After completing this module you should be able to:
* Define dam-related terminology
* Identify dam types and purposes
* Be familiar with dam failure modes and statistics
* Comprehend the basic principles of open channel hydraulics
* Recognize subcritical, critical, and supercritical flow conditions
* Understand the elements of Manning’s equation
* Be familiar with the concept of conveyance

Estimated time to complete: 45 min

Includes audio: yes

Required plug-ins:   Flash RealPlayer Java Adobe® Reader®
 * Plug-in information

Last published on: 2008-03-19

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Description:
This second module in the two-part series expands on the science explaining catastrophic dam failure and flood-wave prediction methods associated with these events. Through the use of rich illustrations and interactions, this module introduces the St. Venant equations for dynamic wave flow, and flood wave characteristics. It also explains the general dam failure modeling process along with advantages and limitations of dam failure models including model stability, accuracy, and sensitivity issues. Finally, it also provides an overview of the Teton River dam failure, one of the most famous hydrologic events in U.S. history. The two modules that comprise this series are designed to be taken consecutively and together provide a fundamental understanding of this complex hydrologic topic.

Objectives:
After completing this module you should be able to:

* Describe basic features of the dam failure modeling process
* Recognize terms within the St. Venant equation
* Describe flood wave characteristics
* Describe model stability, accuracy, and sensitivity issues
* Assess advantages and limitations of three dam failure models
* Describe issues surrounding input and output of hydraulic models, including input data and data sources, and use of modeling scenarios
* Compare features of hydraulic versus empirical models
* Describe key issues involved in the Teton River dam failure

Estimated time to complete: 1 h

Includes audio: yes

Required plug-ins:   Flash RealPlayer Java Adobe® Reader®
 * Plug-in information

Last published on: 2008-08-25

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Description:
By the end of this module you will be able to answer...


* What is the mesoscale and how do we classify it?

* What is hydrostatic equilibrium?

* Why are non-hydrostatic processes so important to mesoscale meteorology?

* Why does forecasting mesoscale meteorology rely on model resolution?

* How might mesoscale processes impact fleet operations?

Objectives:
Terminal Objectives
By the end of this module you should be able to do the following:
1. Identify and classify mesoscale weather phenomena
2. Identify the NWP model characteristics required to forecast different mesoscale weather phenomena.

Enabling Objectives
By the end of this module you will be able to do the following:
1. Recall the horizontal and time scales of mesoscale-alpha, mesoscale-beta, and mesoscale-gamma weather phenomena.
2. Given a list of weather phenomena, correctly classify them as either mesoscale-alpha, mesoscale -beta, or mesoscale -gamma
3. Describe hydrostatic balance.
4. Recall why non-hydrostatic processes are so important to mesoscale meteorology?
5. Recall the relationship between mesoscale and synoptic scale NWP models.
6. Describe the relationship between grid spacing and model resolution for NWP models.
7. Correctly estimate the NWP model resolution required to accurately simulate several mesoscale weather phenomena, including topographically forced weather, development of fog and low stratus, and development of convective storms.

Estimated time to complete: 30 min

Includes audio: yes

Required plug-ins:   Flash RealPlayer Java Adobe® Reader®
 * Plug-in information

Last published on: 2001-01-01

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Description:
The quick analysis of deformation zones provides an overview of system-relative atmospheric circulations. Since deformation is a primary factor in frontogenesis and frontolysis, understanding of these system-relative circulations is crucial to the diagnosis of atmospheric processes and weather prediction. This module is part of the series: "Dynamic Feature Identification: The Satellite Palette".

Objectives:
* Analyze the air masses and circulations
* Analyze the related paired and companion vorticity centers
* Analyze the related axis of maximum wind and wind maxima
* Analyze the location, orientation and shape of the deformation zone

Estimated time to complete: 75-90 min

Includes audio: no

Required plug-ins:   Flash RealPlayer Java Adobe® Reader®
 * Plug-in information

Last published on: 2007-03-22

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Description:
Following an analysis of the main features of a deformation zone, the diagnosis of temporal and spatial changes in these features can be used to deduce underlying meteorological processes and their progression. In turn, this knowledge can then be used in the forecast process to adjust the forecast accordingly. This module takes 35-45 minutes to complete. It is part of the series: "Dynamic Feature Identification: The Satellite Palette".

Objectives:
* Diagnose the relative intensities of each vorticity center associated with a deformation zone
* Predict the evolution of each associated vorticity center
* Predict the evolution of the deformation zone's location, orientation and shape
* Based on the predicted evolution of a deformation zone, identify areas of frontolysis and frontogenesis and trends in the weather

Estimated time to complete: 35-45 min

Includes audio: no

Required plug-ins:   Flash RealPlayer Java Adobe® Reader®
 * Plug-in information

Last published on: 2007-11-05

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Description:
The distribution of vorticity centres along an axis of maximum winds follows a fairly predictable pattern based on the characteristics of the flow. By diagnosing these characteristics, the meteorologist is able to quickly deduce the location and relative intensities of the associated vorticity centres as well as the relative sizes of the associated circulations. This information is summarized within the shape and orientation of the associated deformation zones. The deformation zones in turn reveal important details regarding feature motion and thermal advection and thus their diagnosis should be a critical part of the forecast process. This module takes 30-40 minutes to complete. It is part of the series: "Dynamic Feature Identification: The Satellite Palette".

Objectives:
* Compare the different characteristics of various flow patterns
* Locate the position and predict the relative intensities of vorticity centres along a flow
* Predict the position of the associated deformation zones based on the location and intensities of the vorticity centres

Estimated time to complete: 30-40 min

Includes audio: yes

Required plug-ins:   Flash RealPlayer Java Adobe® Reader®
 * Plug-in information

Last published on: 2008-03-21

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This module is not available on the Web. To order a CD, please see our contact information.

Description:
test by Mark

Estimated time to complete:

Includes audio: no

Required plug-ins:   Flash RealPlayer Java Adobe® Reader®
 * Plug-in information

Last published on:

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Description:
This 10-minute Webcast was developed from a presentation at the Naval Research Laboratory in April 2003 by LTJG Matt Henigin. LTJG Henigin reviews techniques for making visibility forecasts by combining surface observations with remote sensing data to estimate visibility in areas where no surface observations are available. Examples in the Webcast are drawn from southwest Asia.

Objectives:
• Describe the process for extrapolating visibility conditions in areas with no in-situ observations
• State the advantages of enhancing imagery for visibility forecasting
• State the reason for looping data for feature identification

Estimated time to complete: 10 min

Includes audio: yes

Required plug-ins:   Flash RealPlayer Java Adobe® Reader®
 * Plug-in information

Last published on: 2003-07-23

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Description:
This exercise tracks Hurricane Michael as it moved into the Maritime region of the Canadian east coast in October, 2000. Analyze data and respond to questions focusing on forecasting the progression of the storm. This case exercise accompanies the Webcast, Hurricanes Canadian Style: Extratropical Transition.

Objectives:
• Distinguish between meteorological parameters favorable to tropical cyclone strengthening and weakening
• Identify meteorological parameters favorable for extratropical transition
• Apply the guidelines used for forecasting the motion of a tropical cyclone undergoing extratropical transition

Estimated time to complete: 30-45 min

Includes audio: yes

Required plug-ins:   Flash RealPlayer Java Adobe® Reader®
 * Plug-in information

Last published on: 2002-06-06

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Description:
A webcast presentation by Dr. Timothy Spangler (Director of the COMET Program and a former air quality consultant). This 25-minute lecture provides an overview of the basics of dispersion, the effects of different atmospheric conditions on dispersion, and how dispersion is commonly modeled after an accidental release of a hazardous material.

Objectives:

• Define what is meant by the terms “dispersion” and “exposure”


• List the main factors that determine dispersion and exposure


• Differentiate between the 5 main plume types


• Explain the factors involved in plume rise and why plume rise is important


• Discuss the main components involved in calculating concentration


• Describe the differences between a Gaussian model, a Gradient Transport Model, and a Puff Model


• List important situations in which common dispersion models may not provide good concentration estimates

Estimated time to complete: 25 min

Includes audio: yes

Required plug-ins:   Flash RealPlayer Java Adobe® Reader®
 * Plug-in information

Last published on: 2002-11-12

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Description:
Distributed Hydrologic Models for Flow Forecasts – Part 1 provides a basic description of distributed hydrologic models and how they work. This module is the first in a two-part series focused on the science of distributed models and their applicability in different situations. Presented by Dr. Dennis Johnson, the module begins with a review of hydrologic models, and then examines the differences between lumped and distributed models. It explains how lumped models may be distributed by subdividing the basin and suggests when distributed hydrologic models are most appropriate. Other topics covered include the advantages of physically-based versus conceptual approaches and some strengths and challenges associated with distributed modeling.

Objectives:
Describe distributed hydrologic models (DHMs) and how they work
• Describe how lumped models may be distributed by subdividing the basin. (i.e. grids, sub-basins, and flow planes)
• Explain when DHMs are most appropriate
• Explain differences between lumped and distributed models:
− DHMs tend to rely on physically-based approaches
− Lumped models rely on conceptual approaches
• Describe some of the challenges associated with DHMs

Estimated time to complete: .50 - .75 h

Includes audio: yes

Required plug-ins:   Flash RealPlayer Java Adobe® Reader®
 * Plug-in information

Last published on: 2009-07-28

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Description:
The Dust Enhancement Techniques Using MODIS and SeaWiFS Webcast features Dr. Steven Miller of the Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) in Monterey, California and takes about one hour to complete. Dr. Miller explains two techniques for detecting blowing dust using multispectral satellite imagery from the MODIS and SeaWiFS instruments. He also provides guidelines for the best uses of these techniques. The Webcast includes several recent operational examples from southwest Asia. This presentation was originally given at a workshop hosted by NRL in April, 2003.

Objectives:
After completing the module the user will be able to:

• Describe the process for creating RGB or “true-color” enhancements
• State the limitations of the RGB enhancement for detecting dust
• Describe the process for creating “false-color” dust specific enhancements
• Identify dust plumes using the dust enhancement
• Identify surface features that mimic dust signatures using the dust enhancement
• Identify source regions for dust using dust enhancement imagery
• Distinguish smoke and clouds from dust using the dust enhancement
• State the limitations of the false-color dust enhancement

Estimated time to complete: 45 min

Includes audio: yes

Required plug-ins:   Flash RealPlayer Java Adobe® Reader®
 * Plug-in information

Last published on: 2003-07-16

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Description:
This series addresses the use of satellite imagery and focuses attention on the identification of dynamic features using high-resolution satellite imagery with NWP verification. The series will eventually include more than 20 feature presentations on topics such as comma clouds, jet streaks, deformation zones, surface features, convection, and blocking.

Each feature presentation includes interactive identification exercises, analysis and diagnosis, conceptual models, and forecast implications.

Objectives:
• Analyze and diagnose dynamic features in satellite imagery
• Identify discrepancies between numerical model forecasts and atmospheric features
• Apply conceptual models to an atmospheric feature and correct for discrepancies between observed and numerical model analysis

Estimated time to complete: 20-90 min

Includes audio: no

Required plug-ins:   Flash RealPlayer Java Adobe® Reader®
 * Plug-in information

Last published on: 2006-01-10

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Description:
Fog frequently forms in response to dynamically forced changes in the boundary layer. This module examines dynamically forced fog in the coastal and marine environment, focusing on advection fog, steam fog, and west coast type fog. The focus of the module is on the boundary layer evolution of air parcels as they traverse trajectories over land and water. The module also examines mesoscale effects that impact the distribution of fog and low-level stratus over short distances. A general discussion of forecast products and methodologies concludes the module.

Objectives:
After completing this module, the learner should be able to do the following things:

With regard to the general features of dynamically forced fog and stratus:

• Describe the differences in boundary layer characteristics and evolution for advection, West Coast, and steam fog in a marine environment
• Describe the differences in synoptic environments for advection, West Coast, and steam fog in a marine environment
• Describe the relationship of sea surface temperature to fog formation for advection, West Coast, and steam fog in a marine environment
With regard to advection fog:
• Describe the general synoptic environment that is conducive to fog formation
• List at least 2 ways that subtropical high-pressure systems contribute to the formation of advection fog
• Describe the evolution of the boundary layer along an air parcel trajectory that leads to advection fog
• Describe how sea surface temperature changes along an air parcel trajectory that leads to advection fog
• Recall the origins of strong sea surface temperature gradients
• On a world map, identify areas prone to advection fog
• Recall the seasonality of advection fog

With regard to West Coast fog and low stratus:

• Describe the general synoptic environment that is conducive to fog formation
• List at least 2 ways that subtropical high-pressure systems contribute to the formation of West Coast fog and low stratus
• Describe the evolution of the boundary layer along an air parcel trajectory that leads to West Coast fog and low stratus
• List at least 2 ways that the boundary layer cools to saturation in a West Coast fog/stratus event.
• Recall the role of upwelling in the formation of West Coast fog and low stratus
• On a world map, identify areas prone to West Coast fog and low stratus
• Recall the seasonality of West Coast fog and low stratus
With regard to steam fog:
• Describe the general synoptic environment that is conducive to fog formation
• Describe the characteristics and evolution of the boundary layer along an air parcel trajectory that leads to steam fog
• On a world map, identify areas prone to steam fog
• Recall the seasonality of steam fog events

With regard to mesoscale influences upon dynamically forced fog:

• Describe the effects of coastal topography in fog formation
• Describe how coastal jets affect fog formation and dissipation
• Describe how sea breezes affect fog formation and dissipation
• Describe the impact of local variations in sea surface temperature on fog formation and dissipation

With regard to forecasting dynamically forced fog:

• Describe the general approach to forecasting fog
• List at least 4 critical atmospheric fields to monitor in plan view when forecasting fog
• List at least 4 critical atmospheric fields to monitor in vertical profiles when forecasting fog
• Describe the limitations of NWP models in fog forecasting

Estimated time to complete: 3 h

Includes audio: yes

Required plug-ins:   Flash RealPlayer Java Adobe® Reader®
 * Plug-in information

Last published on: 2005-03-01

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Description:
In this Webcast, Dr. James Steenburgh, working for the Department of Meteorology and the NOAA Cooperative Institute for Regional Prediction at the University of Utah, takes a look at cool-season orographic storms in western North America. He provides a brief microphysics review, an overview of cool-season orographic precipitation processes in several mountain ranges, and a look at forecasting tools and techniques. This Webcast is based on a classroom presentation given in Boulder, CO in December 2002.

Objectives:
• Improve knowledge of orographic precipitation processes and their geographical, climatological, and storm-to-storm variability.
• Build or enhance your orographic precipitation forecasting tool chest.
• Illustrate the strengths and weaknesses of quantitative precipitation forecasts by high-resolutions models in complex terrain.

Estimated time to complete: 1 h

Includes audio: yes

Required plug-ins:   Flash RealPlayer Java Adobe® Reader®
 * Plug-in information

Last published on: 2004-08-09

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Description:
This module, the latest in our series on Numerical Weather Prediction, covers the theory and use of ensemble prediction systems (EPSs). The module will help forecasters develop an understanding of the basis for EPSs, the skills to interpret ensemble products, and strategies for their use in the forecast process. It contains six sections: an Introduction that briefly presents background theory; Generation, which describes how ensemble systems are constructed; Statistical Concepts, which provides a brief refresher on knowledge required for ensemble product interpretation; Summarizing Data, which describes common ensemble forecast products; Verification, which discusses how EPSs performance is assessed and documented; and Case Applications, which provides links to a number of forecast cases illustrating the use of EPSs in the forecast process. Questions and Exercises are offered throughout to help you test your learning and provide practical examples. The module also includes a pre-assessment and module final quiz.

Objectives:
Explain the basis for NWP ensemble prediction, and what we mean when we say that the atmosphere is chaotic (i.e. sensitive to initial conditions).

Describe the variety of methods used to generate the ensemble members of an ensemble prediction system, including perturbation of initial conditions, boundary conditions, and model configurations.

Understand the basic statistical concepts and methods used in the development of ensemble products, including probability distributions and their middleness, variability, and shape characteristics.

Recognize and interpret the variety of ensemble forecast products, including spatial and point forecast graphics, and including those that account for flow regimes (RMOP) and reveal NWP model bias and errors.

Interpret ensemble verification products, and apply them in using ensemble forecasts.

Estimated time to complete: 4-5 h

Includes audio: no

Required plug-ins:   Flash RealPlayer Java Adobe® Reader®
 * Plug-in information

Last published on: 2004-09-27

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Description:
This one-stop Ensemble Model Matrix provides information on the configurations of the NCEP Short-Range Ensemble Forecast (SREF) and Medium-Range Ensemble Forecast (MREF) systems. Information on ensemble perturbation methods; NWP model resolution, dynamics, physics (precipitation, radiation, land surface and turbulence); and ensemble post-processing and verification links are provided. As the ensemble prediction systems (EPSs) are improved, the information in the Ensemble Model Matrix will be updated. Additionally, as new EPSs are added to AWIPS, we will add new columns to the Ensemble Model Matrix.

Estimated time to complete:

Includes audio: no

Required plug-ins:   Flash RealPlayer Java Adobe® Reader®
 * Plug-in information

Last published on: 2006-04-05

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Description:
This Webcast, presented by Dr. Marty Hoerling of NOAA/CIRES/Climate Diagnostic Center, discusses the impacts of El Niño and La Niña variability on both North American and tropical weather. The presentation shows that these two phenomena are not simple inverses of each other and that anticipating their varying intensities is key to making successful climate forecasts. Two other ocean impacts that affect North American climate almost as strongly as ENSO are also introduced.

Estimated time to complete: 40 min

Includes audio: yes

Required plug-ins:   Flash RealPlayer Java Adobe® Reader®
 * Plug-in information

Last published on: 2003-05-02

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Description:
The Environmental Satellite Resource Center provides easy access to a wide range of useful information, education, and training about low-earth orbit and geostationary satellites from trusted sources.

Estimated time to complete:

Includes audio: no

Required plug-ins:   Flash RealPlayer Java Adobe® Reader®
 * Plug-in information

Last published on: 2008-09-19

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Description:
This module consists of four exercises where users identify surface features, distinguish clouds from snow on the ground, and determine cloud phase using multispectral analysis. The module also includes an overview of multispectral techniques available on many operational and research polar-orbiting satellites. A page with links to real-time polar-orbiting data and information is also included.

Objectives:
• State the properties of the 1.6 micrometer channel used in feature identification
• State the properties channels in the 3.5 to 4 micrometer region in feature identification
• List the advantages and limitations of the 1.6 micrometer channel in cloud identification
• List the advantages and limitations of the 1.6 micrometer channel in identifying snow on the ground
• List the advantages and limitations of channels in the 3.5 to 4 micrometer region for cloud identification
• List the advantages and limitations of channels in the 3.5 to 4 micrometer region in identifying snow on the ground
• Apply the properties of the visible, IR Window, 1.6 micrometer, and 3.7 micrometer channels to:
o Distinguish clouds from snow on the ground
o Determine the phase (ice or water) of clouds
o Detect the presence of fog
o Distinguish open water from ice-covered areas of lakes and rivers

Estimated time to complete: 1-2 h

Includes audio: yes

Required plug-ins:   Flash RealPlayer Java Adobe® Reader®
 * Plug-in information

Last published on: 2002-07-03

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Description:
This Webcast, presented by Tom Lee of the Naval Research Laboratory, focuses on feature identification using a combination of high-resolution multispectral polar and geostationary satellite imagery products.

The Webcast is made up of five short sections focus on a set of particularly challenging feature identification problems including: clouds over snow; contrails/thin cirrus; fires, hot spots, and smoke; blowing dust; snow, icebergs, and pack ice. Examples are included from Asia, Europe, and North America. A table summarizes suggested detection strategies for each phenomena type, based on available polar and geostationary capabilities and whether the event occurs during daytime or nighttime.

Objectives:
Using multispectral imagery identify the following features:
• Contrails/thin cirrus
• Fires, smoke, and hot spots,
• Blowing dust
• Snow, icebergs, and pack ice

Use multispectral imagery to:
• Distinguish clouds from show on the ground
• Distinguish smoke from clouds
• Distinguish blowing dust from clouds

Estimated time to complete: 1 h

Includes audio: yes

Required plug-ins:   Flash RealPlayer Java Adobe® Reader®
 * Plug-in information

Last published on: 2002-10-24

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Description:
This module provides a comprehensive overview of the three main dimensions of the fire environment triangle: fuels, topography, and weather. Five interactive case studies illustrate the interdependent influences these three dimensions have on fire behavior. A wide range of fire behavior is also discussed in terms of the environmental factors that support or suppress fire ignition and spread. As part of the Advanced Fire Weather Forecasters Course, this module is meant to introduce forecasters to science of fire behavior.

Objectives:
1. Identify key factors contributing to the fuels dimension of the fire environment triangle, including fuel properties, components, complexes, states, moisture levels, and continuity.
2. Identify key factors contributing to the topography dimension of the fire environment triangle, including slope, aspect, elevation, and soil moisture.
3. Identify key factors contributing to the weather dimension of the fire environment triangle, including temperature, humidity, winds, and instability.
4. Given a case situation including descriptions of fuels, topography, and weather, identify the fire behavior most likely to occur.

Estimated time to complete: 1.5 h

Includes audio: yes

Required plug-ins:   Flash RealPlayer Java Adobe® Reader®
 * Plug-in information

Last published on: 2008-03-19

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Description:
The Fire Model Matrix is an on-line resource that presents four fire community models in a matrix that facilitates the exploration of the characteristics of each model. As part of the Advanced Fire Weather Forecasters Course, this matrix is meant to sensitize forecasters to the use of weather data in these fire models to forecast potential fire activity.

Estimated time to complete: 45 min

Includes audio: no

Required plug-ins:   Flash RealPlayer Java Adobe® Reader®
 * Plug-in information

Last published on: 2008-02-05

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Description:
The “Fire Weather Climatology” module provides a comprehensive look at fire regions across the United States and characteristics of typical fire seasons in each region. In addition, critical fire weather patterns are described in terms of their development, duration and impact on fire weather. Numerous case studies provide examples and opportunities to practice recognizing these critical patterns and how they can affect fire ignition and spread. This module is part of the Advanced Fire Weather Forecasters Course.

Objectives:
At the end of this module you should be able to:

1. Identify critical fire weather patterns across North America and describe:
* Basic set-up, effects on fire weather elements, and typical duration of each pattern
* Characteristics of each pattern that contribute to fire ignition, spread and intensification.
2. Describe locations of key large-scale air-mass source regions and the air mass characteristics that impact fire weather.
3. Identify typical fire seasons for fire climatological regions of the United States and Canada and the critical fire weather patterns that affect these regions.

Estimated time to complete: 3-4 h

Includes audio: no

Required plug-ins:   Flash RealPlayer Java Adobe® Reader®
 * Plug-in information

Last published on: 2008-04-28

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Description:
The “Fire Weather Forecasting: Clear Communications” distance learning module offers best practices for Fire Weather Forecasters needing to communicate weather information when deployed in the field. The 30-minute module defines strategies for communicating with Weather Forecast Offices and with customers. Examples include writing a useful fire weather forecast discussion and undertaking proper planning to quickly and accurately disseminate information. This distance learning module is part of the Advanced Fire Weather Forecasters Course.

Objectives:
At the end of this module you should be able to:
1. Identify audiences of fire weather forecasts, forecast discussions, and spot forecasts
2. Demonstrate an understanding of the importance of IMET/WFO coordination
3. Describe best practices for writing an effective and useful fire weather forecast discussion

Estimated time to complete: 30 min

Includes audio: no

Required plug-ins:   Flash RealPlayer Java Adobe® Reader®
 * Plug-in information

Last published on: 2008-03-05

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Description:
Fire Weather Grid Techniques: Relative Humidity and Dewpoint describes techniques and best practices for creating scientifically consistent grids of fire weather parameters. A case study is used to apply Smart Tools to model guidance to edit relative humidity and dew point temperature grids, and to demonstrate the advantages of editing dew point temperature rather than relative humidity to best represent the moisture in the atmosphere.

Objectives:
1. State how calculating 24-hour “change grids” can help forecasters generate more realistic forecast grids.

2. Explain the need to carefully check trends and values when forecasting changes to parameters used for calculating other grids.

3. Explain how examining recent observational data – either via observational grids or point observations – is essential to making realistic forecast grids.

Estimated time to complete: 30 min

Includes audio: yes

Required plug-ins:   Flash RealPlayer Java Adobe® Reader®
 * Plug-in information

Last published on: 2007-09-19

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Description:
This module takes the learner through seven case studies of flash flood events that occurred in the conterminous U.S. between 2003 and 2006. The cases covered include:

* 30-31 August 2003: Chase & Lyon Counties, KS
* 16-17 September 2004: Macon County, NC
* 31 July 2006: Santa Catalina Mountains near Tucson, AZ
* 25 December 2003: Fire burn area near San Bernardino, CA
* 30 August 2004: Urban flash flood in Richmond, VA
* 19-20 August 2003: Urban flash flood in Las Vegas, NV
* 9 October 2005: Cheshire County, NH

This module assists the learner in applying the concepts covered in the foundation topics of the Basic Hydrologic Sciences course. Some of the specific topics pertinent to these cases are the physical characteristics that make a basin prone to flash floods, basin response to precipitation, flash flood guidance (FFG), the relationship between wildfire and flash floods, and the relationship between urban development and flash floods. Related topics brought out in the cases include radar quantitative precipitation estimation (QPE), the National Weather Service Flash Flood Monitoring and Prediction (NWS FFMP) products, debris flows, impounded water, and interagency communications. The core foundation topics are recommended prerequisite materials since this module assumes some pre-existing knowledge of hydrologic principles. In particular, the Runoff Processes and Flash Flood Processes modules contain material directly related to these cases.

Objectives:
1. Understand the hydrologic response to intense rainfall that leads to rapid runoff and flash floods.

2. Recognize the utility and limitations in NWS flash flood forecasting tools (FFMP, FFG, Radar QPE).

3. Understand that flash flood prone basins can be very small.

4. Identify the LEC (Low Echo Centroid) storm signature and realize its implications on rainfall production.

5. Understand the utility and limitations of different Z-R relationships.

6. Recognize the information provided by FFMP's (Flash Flood Monitoring and Prediction) upstream/downstream tool.

7. Recall how and why FFMP basin rainfall can mask radar problems such as terrain blocking.

8. Think about how one may use other data in areas with terrain blocking of the radar beam.

9. Understand the impact that fire may have on basin hydrology.

10. Recall how debris flows can occur with flash floods.

11. Understand how changing the FFG values may be appropriate in some situations.

12. Recognize the important information provided by FFMP's difference and ratio fields.

13. Be aware of important collaborative efforts between the NWS and other agencies, such as the USGS.

14. Understand the dramatic impact that urban and suburban development can have on basin response.

15. Understand how and why FFG may need to be altered in urbanized areas.

16. Anticipate the very short time lag between peak rainfall and peak flooding in urbanized areas.

17. Recognize that flash flooding may occur downstream of basins that receive the greatest rainfall.

18. Recognize the potential of flash flooding from the sudden release of water impounded by human engineered structures.

19. Recognize the importance of interagency communication prior to and during flash flood events, especially those that involve structural failures.

Estimated time to complete: 1 h

Includes audio: yes

Required plug-ins:   Flash RealPlayer Java Adobe® Reader®
 * Plug-in information

Last published on: 2007-06-26

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Description:
According to NOAA’s National Weather Service, a flash flood is a life-threatening flood that begins within 6 hours--and often within 3 hours--of a causative event. That causative event can be intense rainfall, the failure of a dam, levee, or other structure that is impounding water, or the sudden rise of water level associated with river ice jams.
The “Flash Flood Processes” module offers an introduction to the distinguishing features of flash floods, the underlying hydrologic influences and the use of flash flood guidance (FFG) products. Through use of rich illustrations, animations, and interactions, this module explains the differences between flash floods and general floods and examines the hydrologic processes that impact flash flooding risk. In addition, it provides an introduction to the use of flash flood guidance (FFG) products including derivation from ThreshR and rainfall-runoff curves as well as current strengths and limitations.

Objectives:
Define a flash flood:
• Distinguish a flash flood from a general flood
• Identify the different physical processes leading to flash floods
• Recognize the connection between precipitation intensity and runoff characteristics associated with flash floods

Explain hydrologic influences on flash floods:
• Apply information about the runoff processes to the flash flood problem
• Explain why certain soil textures and soil profiles may result in greater flash flood risks
• Which physical characteristics make a basin more prone to flash flooding
• How quickly and frequently flash floods can occur in urban environments
• How fires and deforestation impact the flash flood risk

Understand key issues underlying the use of flash flood guidance (FFG) products:
• The definition of flash flood guidance
• How threshold runoff (ThreshR) and rainfall-runoff curves are used to derive flash flood guidance
• How flash flood guidance is generated for different spatial entities (headwater, county, gridded) and time durations
• Recognize when and how limitations can impact forecasts

Estimated time to complete: 1 h

Includes audio: yes

Required plug-ins:   Flash RealPlayer Java Adobe® Reader®
 * Plug-in information

Last published on: 2006-11-08

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Description:
The Flood Frequency Analysis module offers an introduction to the use of flood frequency analysis for flood prediction and planning. Through use of rich illustrations, animations, and interactions, this module explains the basic concepts, underlying issues, and methods for analyzing flood data. Common concepts such as the 100-year flood and return periods as well as issues affecting the statistical representation of floods are discussed. Common flood data analysis methods as well as an overview of design events are also covered. As a foundation topic for the Basic Hydrologic Science course, this module may be taken on its own, but it will also be available as a supporting topic providing factual scientific information to support students in completion of the case-based forecasting modules.

Objectives:

1. Explain key concepts in flood frequency analysis
• Define the meaning of return periods (i.e., the 100-year flood)
• Explain the exceedance probability and its relationship to return period
• Understand the two primary applications of flood frequency analyses


2. Understand key issues impacting the statistical representation of floods
• Explain how the period of record impacts flood frequency guidance
• Calculate the probability of occurrence or non-occurrence for a given flood magnitude over a specified duration
• Understand how basin changes may impact the behavior and frequency of floods, thus reducing the length of the period of record


3. Apply common methods for analyzing flood data
• Explain the basic concepts underlying both annual and partial duration time series
• Conduct a frequency analysis given peak flow data for a river


4. Explain purpose and application of design events
• Identify the reason for using design events
• Understand the usefulness of design events and their limitations and constraints
• Explain the concept of probable maximum event
• Understand the concept of standard project floods

Estimated time to complete: 1-2 h

Includes audio: yes

Required plug-ins:   Flash RealPlayer Java Adobe® Reader®
 * Plug-in information

Last published on: 2006-10-10

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Description:
This is a foundation module in the Mesoscale Meteorology Primer series. Topics covered include an overview of factors that control whether air will go up and over a mountain or be forced around it, the role of potential and kinetic energy, the Froude number and what it tells you, and air flow blocked by topography.

Objectives:
Terminal Objectives
By the end of this module you will be able to do the following:
1. Describe how flow interacts with topography.
2. List the factors that determine the interaction.

Enabling Objectives
By the end of this module you will be able to do the following:
1. List the factors that determine the interaction of flow with topography.
2. Describe the Froude number in terms of wind speed, wind direction, static stability, and mountain height.
3. Describe flow interactions with a long, straight mountain ridge for high-Froude-number and low-Froude-number flows.
4. Recall how flow responds to a single, tall mountain.
5. List the factors that determine the upstream distance that flow will be affected by topography.

Estimated time to complete: 30 min

Includes audio: yes

Required plug-ins:   Flash RealPlayer Java Adobe® Reader®
 * Plug-in information

Last published on: 2001-01-01

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Description:
This module deals with identifying the characteristics of radiation versus advection fog events, determining which process is dominating, and applying that understanding when making ceiling and visibility forecasts. A forecast approach using a decision tree is also discussed. This decision tree outlines the basic steps involved in applying a thorough forecast approach to fog and stratus events. The module is based on live teletraining sessions offered in 2003 as part of the Distance Learning Aviation Course 1 (DLAC1) on Fog and Stratus Forecasting.

Objectives:
1. Describe the differing processes that lead to radiation fog and advection fog

2. State the two key ingredients for the formation of fog or low stratus: increasing moisture in the boundary layer or decreasing boundary layer temperatures.

3. Properly identify which processes are dominating a particular fog or low stratus event. You can do this by:

• Examining the characteristics of the processes involved,
• Examining the low-level factors that are influencing the event, and
• Comparing these to the known characteristics, processes, and factors that distinguish a radiation event from an advective event.

Estimated time to complete: 2 h

Includes audio: Yes

Required plug-ins:   Flash RealPlayer Java Adobe® Reader®
 * Plug-in information

Last published on: 2004-07-15

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This module is not available on the Web. To order a CD, please see our contact information.

Description:
Weather agencies and forecast organizations everywhere are trying to keep pace with the ongoing modernization of both sensing and data acquisition systems. More than ever, forecasters require a coherent framework within which to master this rapidly increasing supply of new data formats in order to properly observe, organize, analyze, diagnose, and forecast meteorological conditions and events. Forecast Process is designed to meet that need.

The instructional goal of Forecast Process is to assist the learner in developing and applying a systematic approach to operational forecasting. Following the Forecast Funnel theory, this module represents the scales of interaction (hemispheric, synoptic, mesoscale, and local) that influence the onset of and changes in weather events for a particular forecast area. Clear representative examples of these scale interactions establish a context for demonstrating essential forecasting skills.

Because it serves as a general reference for the other COMET modules, we recommend taking Forecast Process as a prerequisite for all modules. We also recommend as background for this module, familiarity with numerical weather prediction products, short/long wave and blocking patterns, surface and constant pressure charts, cyclonic/anticyclonic flows, and satellite imagery, as well as general experience in identifying and conceptualizing basic weather patterns.

The subject matter experts for Forecast Process are Mr. Len Snellman and Mr. Eric Thaler.

Estimated time to complete: 3-5 h

Includes audio: yes

Required plug-ins:   Flash RealPlayer Java Adobe® Reader®
 * Plug-in information

Last published on: 1996-01-01

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Description:
This module discusses the current theories of atmospheric conditions associated with aircraft icing and applies the theories to the icing diagnosis and forecast process. The contribution of liquid water content, temperature, and droplet size parameters to icing are examined. Identification of icing type, icing severity, and the hazards associated with icing features are presented. Tools to help diagnose atmospheric processes that may be contributing to icing and the special case of supercooled large drop (SLD) icing are examined and applied in short exercises.

The use of graphics, animations, and interactive exercises in Forecasting Aviation Icing: Icing Type and Severity helps the forecaster to gain an understanding of icing processes, to identify icing hazards, and to apply diagnosis and forecast tools as aids to evaluate and anticipate potential aircraft icing threats.

The subject matter expert for this module is Dr. Marcia Politovich of
NCAR/Research Applications Program.

This module is also available in French.

Objectives:
The goal of this training module is to help you improve your icing forecasts by

1. Becoming more familiar with the types, conditions, and hazards of aircraft icing.
2. Learning what factors determine icing type and severity, and how they interrelate.
3. Knowing what physical processes create favorable icing conditions.
4. Recognizing the types of mesoscale environments that generate such physical processes.
5. Learning some techniques to apply and patterns to look for when diagnosing data products for possible icing threats.

Performance Objectives

A. Aircraft Icing
1. Name and distinguish between the main types of in-flight aircraft icing; rank them in terms of potential hazard to aviation.
2. Describe the conditions under which the main types of in-flight aircraft icing form.
3. Name and distinguish between the four icing severity reporting categories used by pilots.

B. Icing Factors
1. Name the main factors that determine the type and severity of icing to expect in a given environment.
2. Identify ranges of values for liquid water content, temperature, and altitude that are most favorable to icing.
3. Describe the influence of droplet size on ice collection efficiency and accretion pattern.
4. Predict the most likely icing type and severity level to expect for given ranges of cloud liquid water content, temperature, and droplet size.

C. Icing Environments and Physical Processes
1. Describe the impact to icing of each of the six categories of water phase transitions.
2. Describe several of the most favorable synoptic and mesoscale environments for development of hazardous icing conditions:

• Three patterns that enhance cloud formation and hence icing potential
• Three environments that are especially conducive to supercooled large drop formation
• Two physical processes that support supercooled large drop formation
• Cloud-top conditions most favorable to supercooled large drop formation

D. Data Assessment
1. Assess the icing threat in various layers of skew T-log p diagrams.
2. Identify favorable areas and layers for supercooled large drop formation integrating:
• GOES 3.9 micron imagery
• Skew-T diagrams
• Profiler data
• WSR-88D reflectivity and velocity
• Surface precipitation observations

Estimated time to complete: 3-5 h

Includes audio: no

Required plug-ins:   Flash RealPlayer Java Adobe® Reader®
 * Plug-in information

Last published on: 1998-03-13

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Description:
Forecasting Dust Storms is the latest module in the Mesoscale Meteorology Primer. The module starts by discussing the conditions required for a dust storm, including an appropriate source of dust, sufficient wind and turbulence, and an unstable atmosphere. The module then explores the fate of dust in the atmosphere including dispersion, advection, and settling. The concluding section on forecasting examines a case in the Middle East and demonstrates the use of a mesoscale NWP model, as well as next-generation dust forecasting models.

Objectives:
After completing this module, the learner should be able to do the following things:

With regard to dust storm characteristics:

• Describe how visibility varies near severe dust storms
• Recall the average height of dust storms
With regard to sources of dust:
• Describe the soil types in appropriate source regions for dust storms
• Recall that blowing dust usually does not occur for at least 24 hours after a rainfall
• Identify potential source regions with satellite imagery

With regard to atmospheric conditions required for dust storms:

• Recall the threshold wind speed for lifting fine dust particles.
• Describe the atmospheric conditions that promote lofting of dust in terms of stability and turbulence
• List the 3 ways that turbulence typically arises in the atmosphere
• Describe the effect of nightfall on dust storms

With regard to the dissipation and dispersion of dust storms:

• Describe the atmospheric factors that influence the dispersion of dust
• Describe the effect of precipitation on suspended dust and why this occurs
• Recall how quickly dust settles once winds die down

With regard to the climatology of dust storms:

• List the most common synoptic patterns for raising dust in the Middle East
• Define Shamal
• List at least 3 mesoscale weather phenomena that result in dust storms
• Describe how haboobs and dust devils originate
• Describe how winter dust storms differ from summer dust storms

With regard to the satellite detection of blowing dust:

• Describe how dust appears on IR images, during both day and night and over both land and water
• Describe how dust appears on visible images, during both day and night and over both land and water
• Describe the advantages of imagery from polar orbiting and geostationary satellites
• With regard to forecasting dust storms:
• List the tools available for observing dust storms.
• Describe how mesoscale NWP models can help with a dust storm prediciton
• List the dust storm forecasting models and describe their respective advantages

Estimated time to complete: 2 h

Includes audio: yes

Required plug-ins:   Flash RealPlayer Java Adobe® Reader®
 * Plug-in information

Last published on: 2003-10-23

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Description:
This is the second module in the Mesoscale Meteorology Primer series. This module starts with a forecast scenario that occurs during a winter radiation fog event in the Central Valley of California. After that, a conceptual section covers the physical processes of radiation fog through its life cycle. Operational sections addressing fog detection and forecasting conclude the module

Objectives:
At the end of the module you should be able to do the following things:

With Regard to the Preconditioning Environment:

• Identify key conditions and ingredients necessary for development of radiation fog
• Discriminate between large-scale low-level environments that are favorable and unfavorable for development of radiation fog
• Describe the sequence of key surface and boundary layer processes that prepare the low-level environment for development of radiation fog
• Demonstrate an understanding of how surface cooling dries the micro-boundary layer and prevents low-level condensation from being deposited onto the surface
• Rank various surface and surface cover types in terms of the relative speed with which low-level air in contact with them will reach saturation

With Regard to Initiation and Growth:

• Identify levels at which radiative cooling is most active at various stages of the fog initiation and growth process
• Demonstrate an understanding of the effects that various condensation nuclei types and concentrations have on fog formation
• Sequence the key processes and events that occur during formation of a layer of radiation fog
• Demonstrate an understanding of how the fog-top inversion is created by the fog itself
• Demonstrate an understanding of influences that heat flux from the surface have on a fog layer during its initiation and growth

With Regard to Maintenance Phase:

• Describe key processes that balance one another to allow a fog layer to maintain a relatively constant depth
• Identify conditions in and above a fog-top layer that support continued condensate production
• Identify conditions in and above a fog-top layer that restrict further deepening
• Demonstrate an understanding of the effects that various condensation nuclei types and concentrations have on fog maintenance
• Demonstrate an understanding of the effects that introduction of an overlying cloud layer have on a mature fog layer at the surface
• Demonstrate an understanding of influences that heat flux from the surface have on a mature fog layer
• Identify the typical level of a fog-top inversion
• Demonstrate an understanding of how the fog-top inversion is maintained by various processes at and above the top of the fog layer

With Regard to Dissipation Phase:

• Identify key processes that contribute to the dissipation of a fog layer
• Apply a droplet settling rate calculation to predict the time required for a given depth of fog layer to settle to the ground in the absence of any new condensate production
• Demonstrate an understanding of how radiative heating contributes to dissipation of a fog layer
• Demonstrate an understanding of how turbulent mixing contributes to dissipation of a fog layer
• Demonstrate an understanding of how changes in low-level winds can contribute to dissipation of a fog layer
• Demonstrate an understanding of how introduction of an overlying cloud layer can contribute to dissipation of a fog layer
With Regard to Detecting Fog:
• Identify surface observations that show atmospheric conditions conducive to radiation fog
• Identify soundings that show atmospheric conditions conducive to radiation fog
• Identify fog in satellite images
• Describe the limitations of infrared satellite images for detecting radiation fog

With Regard to Forecasting Fog:

• Describe the diurnal cycle of radiation fog occurrence
• Demonstrate and understanding of the strong seasonal dependence of radiation fog occurrence in at least two localities
• Describe which forecast products best show the atmospheric conditions conducive to radiation fog
• Describe the limitations of numerical forecast models in predicting radiation fog

Estimated time to complete: 2 h

Includes audio: yes

Required plug-ins:   Flash RealPlayer Java Adobe® Reader®
 * Plug-in information

Last published on: 2002-02-04

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Description:
The FORMOSAT-3 (Taiwan's Formosa Satellite Mission #3)/COSMIC (Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere & Climate) mission involves deployment of six satellites. Using the radio occultation technique, these satellites will interact with GPS satellites and Earth systems to gather data on our planet’s atmosphere. This mission not only has great value for weather, climate, and space weather research and forecasting, but also geodesy, gravity research, and other applications. Assimilation schemes are being developed to effectively integrate the data into existing operational weather forecasting models.

Objectives:
After completing the module the learner will be able to:

1) Describe the history of radio occultation.
2) State the principle of radio occultation and why it is so effective for Earth.
3) Describe the inversion of radio occultation data and the information derived.
4) State how radio occultation data has been validated with other data sources.
5) Describe the advantage of the open-loop versus phased-locked-loop tracking method.
6) State how radio occultation aids in the measurement of the planetary boundary layer.
7) List significant satellite missions and explain their contributions to radio occultation.
8) Describe the main features of the FORMOSAT-3/COSMIC mission.
9) List the payloads of FORMOSAT-3/COSMIC mission and describe what each does.
10) Explain how radio occultation will help monitoring and forecasting of weather.
11) Explain how radio occultation will help monitoring and forecasting of climate.
12) Explain how radio occultation will help monitoring and forecasting of space weather.
13) Describe the responsibilities of the CDAAC in the processing and flow of data.
14) Explain how and where to get archived or real-time radio occultation data.

Estimated time to complete: 75 min

Includes audio: yes

Required plug-ins:   Flash RealPlayer Java Adobe® Reader®
 * Plug-in information

Last published on: 2006-07-07

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Description:
This Webcast is based on a COMET classroom presentation by Dr. Gary Lackmann at the 2nd MSC Winter Weather Course held in Boulder, Colorado on 22 February 2002. Dr. Lackmann reviews the basic thermodynamics of freezing and melting and how operational models represent these processes. He also touches upon the biases that occur in the models by looking at examples of melting snow aloft, melting snow at the surface, freezing aloft (ice pellets), and freezing rain. Dr. Lackmann is a faculty member in the Department of Marine, Earth, and Atmospheric Sciences at North Carolina State University.

Objectives:
1. Examine four thermodynamic scenarios closely, each of which produces a different precipitation situation.

2. Compare sounding, radar, and model signatures associated with these scenarios.

3. Compare the representation of these thermodynamic processes in operational models at and near the surface.

4. Become aware of potential problems with the model forecasts.

5. Examine the limiting processes and requirements for freezing rain.

Estimated time to complete: 35 min

Includes audio: yes

Required plug-ins:   Flash RealPlayer Java Adobe® Reader®
 * Plug-in information

Last published on: 2002-07-03

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Description:
In a detailed 130 page report, Ivan Dubé of the Meteorological Service of Canada reviews the factors that contribute to snow density, and presents a new and improved algorithm based on data from Québec for diagnosing and predicting snow density. A verification of the algorithm is included, along with a few case examples. This document is in English as a .pdf file. A French version is also available: http://meted.ucar.edu/norlat/snowdensity/rapportneigeeau.pdf

Estimated time to complete: 10 h

Includes audio: no

Required plug-ins:   Flash RealPlayer Java Adobe® Reader®
 * Plug-in information

Last published on: 2003-12-18

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Description:
“Frontogenetical Circulations and Stability” is a Webcast by Dr. James T. Moore that focuses on an overview of different stability types, including convective, potential, inertial, conditional and symmetric, the concept of frontogenesis and associated circulations. The webcast concludes with a discussion of the role of stability in determining the character of frontogenetical circulations.

Objectives:
1. Understand various types of stability, including convective, potential, inertial, conditional and symmetric, and recognize when they might occur for a given forecast situation.

2. Understand the concept of frontogenesis/frontolysis and associated circulations that result.

3. Recognize the impact of stability on the character of frontal circulations.

Estimated time to complete: 45 min

Includes audio: yes

Required plug-ins:   Flash RealPlayer Java Adobe® Reader®
 * Plug-in information

Last published on: 2007-10-24

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Description:
This module provides a basic understanding of why gap winds occur, their typical structures, and how gap wind strength and extent are controlled by larger-scale, or synoptic, conditions. You will learn about a number of important gap flows in coastal regions around the world, with special attention given to comprehensively documented gap wind cases in the Strait of Juan de Fuca and the Columbia River Gorge. Basic techniques for evaluating and predicting gap flows are presented. The module reviews the capabilities and limitations of the current generation of mesoscale models in producing realistic gap winds. By the end of this module, you should have sufficient background to diagnose and forecast gap flows around the world, and to use this knowledge to understand their implications for operational decisions. Other features in this module include a concise summary for quick reference and a final exam to test your knowledge. Like other modules in the Mesoscale Meteorology Primer, this module comes with audio narration, rich graphics, and a companion print version.

Objectives:
After completing this module, the learner should be able to do the following:

With regard to the description of gap winds:
• Recall where in a gap the strongest wind speeds are typically observed.
• Describe the different kinds of topographic gaps and their effect on gap flow.
• List at least 3 natural hazards that may be associated with gap winds.

With regard to the structure of gap winds:
• Describe how wind speed varies through the gap during a gap flow event.
• Describe the temperature profile through a gap during a gap flow event.
• Describe the pressure profile through a gap during a gap flow event.

With regard to the origin of gap flows:
• Describe the conditions required for geostrophic flow.
• Recall that gap winds are typically non-geostrophic.
• Describe the origin of the pressure gradients that occur across gaps.
• Recall that the thinning of low-level cool air at a gap exit can increase the pressure gradient across a gap.
• Recall that adiabatic warming of downslope winds can increase the pressure gradient across a gap.

With regard to forecasting gap winds:
• Qualitatively describe how varying the following factors affects wind speed through a gap:
   * Pressure gradient
   * Surface roughness
   * Gap length
   * Temperature
• Describe the horizontal resolution of a mesoscale model required to accurately forecast flow through a gap.

Estimated time to complete: 1.5-2 h

Includes audio: yes

Required plug-ins:   Flash RealPlayer Java Adobe® Reader®
 * Plug-in information

Last published on: 2003-03-20

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Description:
This module is an introduction to NOAA's next generation Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite-R (GOES-R) series, focusing on the value and anticipated benefits derived from an enhanced suite of instruments for improved monitoring of meteorological, environmental, climate, and space weather phenomena and related hazards. An extensive set of visualizations highlight GOES-R and its advanced observing capabilities for providing support in thirteen key environmental application areas including air quality and visibility, climate, cloud icing, fires, hurricanes, land cover, lightning, low clouds and fog, marine and the coastal environment, precipitation and flooding, severe storms and tornadoes, space weather, and volcanoes. The module includes an overview of the GOES-R space and ground infrastructure, highlighting key elements and services of the GOES-R program. In addition, the module reviews and contrasts basic concepts and capabilities applicable to geostationary and polar-orbiting satellites, exploring the complementary nature of the two systems. The module concludes with a collection of resource materials, including imagery, animations, and tables extracted from the module for easy access and for use in development of presentations and other learning materials.

Objectives:
After completing the module the learner will be able to:
• List several environmental hazards and phenomena where GOES-R satellite observations are expected to benefit users.
• Describe some of the key anticipated benefits as they relate to GOES-R monitoring of those same environmental hazards and phenomena.
• Describe the main GOES-R mission objectives.
• State the fundamental difference between geostationary and polar-orbiting satellites and briefly describe the advantages of each.
• List the major instruments (or instrument suites) on board the GOES-R satellites and briefly describe what each is designed to provide.
• Describe some of the GOES-R services and their significance to the overall success of the GOES-R mission.
• Describe the concept of a global observing system and the role of environmental satellites.

Estimated time to complete: 1 h

Includes audio: yes

Required plug-ins:   Flash RealPlayer Java Adobe® Reader®
 * Plug-in information

Last published on: 2008-12-19

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Description:
This webcast is based on a presentation by Dr. Moore MSC/COMET Winter Weather Workshop in Boulder, CO, 4 December 2002. In it, he covers the definition of the TROWAL and its role in heavy snow production in the form of bands primarily located to the northwest of the surface low. The various conveyor belts associated with mature winter cyclones are emphasized. The roles of mid-level frontogenesis and conditional symmetric instability in these systems are discussed in the context of heavy snow development.

Objectives:
1. Examine the structure of a mature midlatitude cyclone from the conveyor belt standpoint.

2. Understand how areas where equivalent potential vorticity < 0 are conducive to conditional symmetric instability and snowbands.

3. Demonstrate the positive interaction between frontogenesis and zones favorable for CSI.

4. Compare these features in two CONUS case studies.

Estimated time to complete: 45 min

Includes audio: yes

Required plug-ins:   Flash RealPlayer Java Adobe® Reader®
 * Plug-in information

Last published on: 2003-09-23

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Description:
The “History of the Incident Meteorologist Program” describes the evolution of fire weather support by National Weather Service meteorologists, including the more recent expansion to other hazardous incidents and significant national events. This webcast also reviews the evolution of the Air-Transportable Meteorological Unit (ATMU) into today’s AMRS/FxNet system used by Incident Meteorologists today. This short webcast is part of the Advanced Fire Weather Forecasters Course.

Objectives:
At the end of this module you should be able to:
• Identify key events and milestones in the NWS Fire Weather and IMET program
• Describe the ATMU and its evolution into today's AMRS/FxNet system used by IMETs today
• Describe important customer issues that arose in the 1990s and steps made in recent years to resolve these issues and improve/expand IMET services

Estimated time to complete: 15 min

Includes audio: yes

Required plug-ins:   Flash RealPlayer Java Adobe® Reader®
 * Plug-in information

Last published on: 2008-02-29

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Description:
The goal of this training module is to help you increase your understanding of how mesoscale models work. Such understanding, in turn, can help you more efficiently and accurately evaluate model-generated forecast products.

Objectives:
Terminal Objectives
By the end of this module you will be able to do the following:
1. Describe how mesoscale models work
2. Evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of different NWP models

Enabling Objectives
By the end of this module you will be able to do the following:
1. Describe the benefits and limitations of mesoscale NWP models.
2. Describe the relationship between grid spacing and model resolution for NWP models.
3. Describe the pros and cons of increasing model resolution
4. Describe hydrostatic balance and how hydrostatic NWP models differ from non-hydrostatic NWP models
5. Define Eta, sigma, and pressure vertical coordinates schemes and describe their respective advantages.
6. Define parameterization and describe the benefits of its use in NWP models
7. List at least 3 processes that are typically parameterized.
8. Describe limited area model (LAM), spin-up, and warm start, and how they are all related.
9. Describe the benefits and limitations of a warm start.

Estimated time to complete: 30 min

Includes audio: yes

Required plug-ins:   Flash RealPlayer Java Adobe® Reader®
 * Plug-in information

Last published on: 2002-04-22

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Description:
Part of the Numerical Weather Prediction Professional Development Series, this module explores how NWP models handle precipitation and cloud processes through parameterizations and/or explicit methods, with an emphasis on how a model's treatment of these processes affects its ability to depict and forecast precipitation and other related forecast variables.

The subject matter expert for this module is Dr. Ralph Petersen of the National Centers for Environmental Prediction, Environmental Modeling Center (NCEP/EMC).

Estimated time to complete: 3-6 h

Includes audio: no

Required plug-ins:   Flash RealPlayer Java Adobe® Reader®
 * Plug-in information

Last published on: 2000-07-27

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Description:
This module, part of the NWP Distance Learning Course: "Effective Use of NWP in the Forecast Process", explores how NWP models handle both grid-scale microphysical (precipitation) and convective processes through parameterizations and/or explicit methods, with an emphasis on how model treatment (and errors in the triggering) of these processes affects forecast depiction of precipitation and related forecast variables.

The subject matter expert for this module is Dr. Ralph Petersen of the National Centers for Environmental Prediction, Environmental Modeling Center (NCEP/EMC).

Objectives:
After taking this module, the student should be able to:
1. State the primary purpose of microphysical and convective parameterization schemes in NWP models and the forecast variables directly impacted by them.
2. Demonstrate knowledge of the differences between simple and complex cloud microphysics schemes.
3. Adjust sensible weather forecast variables such as 2-m temperature when an NWP forecast contains cloud errors resulting from misforecast mesoscale convective features.
4. State the impacts of over- and underactive convective schemes on NWP forecasts.
5. Identify the types of precipitation features that can be forecast well by microphysics schemes.
6. Identify the elements in NWP models that have the most significant impact on precipitation forecasts in large-scale models.
7. Identify the characteristics of NWP forecasts using explicitly predicted convection.

Estimated time to complete: 1.00 - 1.25 h

Includes audio: no

Required plug-ins:   Flash RealPlayer Java Adobe® Reader®
 * Plug-in information

Last published on: 2009-11-10

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Description:
Designed primarily for middle school students and funded by FEMA and the NWS, this module creates a scenario to frame learning activities that focus on hurricane science and safety.

Over the course of seven days, Hurricane Erin forms in the Atlantic Ocean, crosses the Florida peninsula, and then makes another landfall at Fort Walton Beach. During these days, the learner is introduced to many basic concepts of atmospheric science, climate, and geography, while also learning some important and possibly life-saving safety and preparedness skills. The module includes several interactive games and activities that address hurricane meteorology and hurricane safety.

Teachers and others who use the module for public education will find the "Information for Teachers" section particularly useful. This section provides information about all of the main learning objects in the module, as well as access to them as stand-alone activities. Links to numerous hurricane-related Web sites are also included, as are links to expert advice about helping children deal with trauma. Worksheets that test the learner's understanding of the module's content are provided in this section, as well as throughout the module. Versions are also available for hearing, motor, and visually impaired students.

Estimated time to complete: 2-3 h

Includes audio: yes

Required plug-ins:   Flash RealPlayer Java Adobe® Reader®
 * Plug-in information

Last published on: 2002-05-10

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Description:
This Webcast is based on a presentation delivered by Jim Abraham of MSC at the Winter Weather Course in February 2001. The presentation discusses how, under the right synoptic conditions, hurricanes and tropical storms undergo a transition process to extratropical cyclones as they move into northern latitudes. During the transition process these "hybrid" systems can bring damaging weather conditions to Eastern Canada and the Northeastern States. It uses several case examples to demonstrate the process.

Objectives:
• Identify meteorological parameters favorable for tropical cyclone formation
• Identify meteorological parameters that inhibit hurricane intensification
• Describe the characteristics of a tropical cyclone prior to extra-tropical transition
• Describe the characteristics of transitioning tropical cyclones
• Detail the regions of a tropical cyclone and extratropical low that generate the greatest rainfall and winds

Estimated time to complete: 45 min

Includes audio: yes

Required plug-ins:   Flash RealPlayer Java Adobe® Reader®
 * Plug-in information

Last published on: 2002-05-02

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Description:
This Web-based learning module is the second title in a series of modules about the use of diagnostic tools to evaluate icing type and severity. Marcia Politovich of the NCAR Research Applications Program (RAP) is the principle subject matter expert. The module teaches how to assess surface observations, upper-air charts, and pilot reports (PIREPs) in order to diagnose the aviation icing environment. Topics include strengths, weaknesses, and appropriate uses of these data, data assessment methods, interpretation and evaluation of PIREPs, and a bottom-up procedure for integrated icing diagnosis at a particular location. This module includes numerous practice exercises allowing learners to improve their skills in icing assessment using these basic observational tools.

Objectives:
The goal of this training module is to help you improve your skill in using observational and pilot report data to locate areas and layers that are likely to have favorable conditions for in-flight aircraft icing.

Performance Objectives
Use surface observations to evaluate:
• precipitation location & type
• temperatures
• cloud cover & type, ceiling heights
• air mass configurations (indicated by fronts, low pressure centers, etc.)
Use upper-air charts and analyses to evaluate:
• cloud layers, cloud tops, likely cloud phase
• temperature structure
And interpret PIREPs to:
• identify location, altitude and time of icing reports
• identify icing type & severity reported
• assess the spatial extent of icing based on reports
Based on these:
• infer likely precipitation and temperature structure above a location
• locate likely areas and layers containing supercooled liquid water (SLW) & freezing precipitation
• assess applicability of PIREPs
• identify areas without icing PIREPs that are likely to contain icing conditions
• track trends and changes in icing conditions

Estimated time to complete: 1-2 h

Includes audio: no

Required plug-ins:   Flash RealPlayer Java Adobe® Reader®
 * Plug-in information

Last published on: 1999-04-08

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Description:
Marcia Politovich of the NCAR Research Applications Program (RAP) is the principle subject matter expert for this
Web-based learning module. The module teaches how to assess vertical profiles of wind, temperature, dewpoint, and frost point in order to diagnose airmass characteristics, cloud layers, and possible aviation icing layers. Topics include strengths, weaknesses, and appropriate uses of rawinsonde and profiler data for assessment of aviation icing, icing characteristics of the different extratropical cyclone air masses, identification of dry and saturated layers and possible zones of favorable conditions for aircraft icing, and ice seeding and glaciation processes. If you wish, you may launch the module from this location. Note: This module requires use of the companion CD-ROM called The Icing Event of 6 March 1996.

Objectives:
The goal of this training module is to help you improve your skill in using sounding and profiler data to locate areas and layers that are likely to have favorable conditions for in-flight aircraft icing.

Performance Objectives

• Analyze skew-T diagrams and wind profile time series to identify the likely extratropical cyclone air masses influencing them.
• Describe the typical characteristics of the different extratropical cyclone air masses as they relate to aviation icing conditions.
• Analyze profiles of temperature, dewpoint, frost point, and winds in skew T-log p diagrams to identify dry and saturated layers and possible zones of favorable conditions for aircraft icing.
• Apply knowledge of ice seeding and glaciation processes to various cloud layer configurations to anticipate the evolution of icing conditions.
• Describe strengths, weaknesses, and appropriate uses of rawinsonde and profiler data for assessment of aviation icing.

Estimated time to complete: 1-2 h

Includes audio: no

Required plug-ins:   Flash RealPlayer Java Adobe® Reader®
 * Plug-in information

Last published on: 1999-04-08

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Description:
This module introduces the NPOESS VIIRS imager that will fly on the NPOESS Preparatory Project and the NPOESS satellites. The VIIRS imager has many advanced features that will improve both spectral and temporal resolution. Ninety-five percent of VIIRS data will be available within 28 minutes of overpass time, providing consistent, high-quality, high-resolution data to users. This module covers the improvements to VIIRS by examining the systems that contributed to its development. Special attention is paid to the Day/Night Visible channel as VIIRS will be the first civilian satellite to image atmospheric and terrestrial features with and without moonlight.

Objectives:
• Name the important heritage instruments that led to the development of NPOESS
• State the advantages of multispectral imagery in fire and hot spot detection/interpretation
• Use true color imagery to identify surface, atmospheric, and ocean
surface features and characteristics
• Discriminate between nadir and edge of scan passes from AVHRR
• Describe the difference between fine and smooth OLS data
• State the advantages of the nighttime visible channel on OLS
• State features that can be seen during no-moon, half-moon, and full-moon illuminations
• Identify features in no-moon, half-moon, and full-moon illuminations

Estimated time to complete: 45 min

Includes audio: yes

Required plug-ins:   Flash RealPlayer Java Adobe® Reader®
 * Plug-in information

Last published on: 2004-10-25

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Description:
Impact of Model Structure & Dynamics, part of the Numerical Weather Prediction Professional Development Series and the NWP Distance Learning Course, provides operationally significant information about model type, horizontal resolution, vertical coordinate systems, vertical resolution, and domain and boundary conditions, with an emphasis on how each aspect can affect a model's ability to depict and forecast weather.

The subject matter expert for this module is Dr. Ralph Petersen of the National Centers for Environmental Prediction, Environmental Modeling Center (NCEP/EMC).

Estimated time to complete: 3-5 h

Includes audio: no

Required plug-ins:   Flash RealPlayer Java Adobe® Reader®
 * Plug-in information

Last published on: 2000-09-21

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Description:
This collection of four condensed physics lessons is offered as a companion to our Physics of the Aurora: Earth Systems learning module, and has been developed especially for use by university physics educators. The lesson topics are Charged Particle Motions, Magnetic Force, the Frozen-field Theorem, and Static Atmospheres. Each short, self-contained lesson can be accessed independently and includes interactive formula derivations, exercises, and open-ended questions suitable for classroom discussion or out-of-class assignments.

Estimated time to complete: 1-2 h

Includes audio: yes

Required plug-ins:   Flash RealPlayer Java Adobe® Reader®
 * Plug-in information

Last published on: 2004-12-28

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Description:
This module describes model parameterizations of sub-surface, boundary-layer,and free atmospheric processes, such as surface snow processes, soil characteristics, vegetation, evapotranspiration, PBL processes and parameterizations, and trace gases, and their interaction with the radiative transfer process. It specifically addresses how models treat these physical processes and how they can influence forecasts of sensible weather elements.

Objectives:
Working through the material will help you to
• Develop a basic understanding of how radiation and associated processes are emulated in NWP models
• Understand when model physics are most important to the model forecast (versus model dynamics)
• Understand that model physics are specifically tuned to work best in certain situations and specific models
• Understand that model physics parameterizations affect other parameterizations, model dynamics, and data assimilation, which may result in feedbacks
• Identify impacts of model physics and their errors on model forecasts both at and around the forecast location
• Identify effects that are smaller than the model can emulate (for example, the resolution of surface characteristics is coarse but real effects occur at fine resolution)

Estimated time to complete: 1.5 h

Includes audio: no

Required plug-ins:   Flash RealPlayer Java Adobe® Reader®
 * Plug-in information

Last published on: 2000-11-17

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Description:
This module, part of the NWP Distance Learning Course: "Effective Use of NWP in the Forecast Process", describes model parameterizations of surface, PBL, and free atmospheric processes, such as surface snow processes, soil thermal and moisture processes, surface vegetation effects such as evapotranspiration, radiative processes involving clouds and trace gases, and turbulent processes in the PBL and free atmosphere. It specifically addresses how models treat these processes, how such processes can potentially interact with each other, and how they can influence forecasts of sensible weather elements.

Objectives:
After completing this module, you should be able to:
1. Identify effects that are smaller than NWP models can emulate (e.g. variations in surface characteristics that are smaller-scale than the NWP model resolution).
2. Cite situations where physical processes are important to the model forecast relative to dynamical processes.
3. State how basic radiative transfer processes are parameterized in NWP models.
4. State what situations various physical parameterizations will work well, and those where they will work poorly.
5. Cite situations in which at least two physical parameterizations will interact with each other, and the potential feedback effects.
6. Identify at least one consequence of errors in model physics on model forecasts at and around a forecast location.

Estimated time to complete: 1.25 - 1.50 h

Includes audio: no

Required plug-ins:   Flash RealPlayer Java Adobe® Reader®
 * Plug-in information

Last published on: 2009-11-17

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Description:
This module was developed and released in three sections: Postprocessing/Products, Statistical Guidance, and Assessment Tools. Specific topics covered include the impact of postprocessing and how to account for it, the statistical methods used to enhance raw model output including how statistical guidance products like MOS are generated, as well as NWP verification methodologies and use of daily model diagnostics.

The subject matter expert for this module is Dr. Ralph Petersen of the National Centers for Environmental Prediction, Environmental Modeling Center (NCEP/EMC), and J. Paul Dallavalle of the National Weather Service (NWS), Meteorological Development Laboratory, Statistical Modeling Branch (MDL/SMB). The primary content author was Kirby Cook, NWS, Western Region Headquarters (WRH)/Scientific Services Division (SSD).

Estimated time to complete: 1-2 h

Includes audio: no

Required plug-ins:   Flash RealPlayer Java Adobe® Reader®
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Last published on: 2000-10-02

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Description:
This module, part of the NWP Distance Learning Course: "Effective Use of NWP in the Forecast Process", discusses three aspects of forecast guidance developed from raw NWP model data:

1. Post-processing
2. Statistical guidance
3. Model assessment tools

Post-processing methods, including a new section of downscaling of coarser resolution data, bias correction, and post-processing of ensemble forecast system data, are introduced. Interpolation of raw model data to produce the data seen by operational meteorologists is also described.

Next, we present information on statistical guidance methods and techniques, including perfect-prog and Model Output Statistics (MOS). Strengths and limitations of each technique are described.

Finally, we present model assessment tools for verification of NWP model data. The effects of aggregating the data over space and time are discussed, including
1. Point verification versus area verification
2. Short-term versus long-term verification
3. The effect of analysis methods on verification scores
4. Statistics used in verification

and more.

Objectives:
1. Describe the differences in characteristics between short and long time period, and point and spatially averaged, statistical verification.
2. Describe at least three situations where statistical guidance (SG) performs well, and at least three others where SG performs poorly.
3. Cite at least three advantages and three limitations of Model Output Statistics.
4. Know the potential data sources for the development of MOS.
5. Cite at least two advantages and two limitations of using post-processed versus raw model data.
6. Cite at least five parameters that are forecast directly by NWP models and five that are derived from NWP data.
7. Cite at least two sources of error for point observations.
8. Know the statistical parameters that measure random, total, systematic, and spatial and temporal errors.

Estimated time to complete: 1.00 - 1.25 h

Includes audio: no

Required plug-ins:   Flash RealPlayer Java Adobe® Reader®
 * Plug-in information

Last published on: 2009-11-10

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Description:
This module provides an overview of climatology, the study of climate. The module begins by examining the drivers that combine to create the climate regions of the world—from those at the mesoscale (local) level to those at the synoptic-scale (continental) and global-scale levels. Examples include locally dominant winds, air masses, fronts, ocean currents, Earth’s rotation around the sun, and latitude. Each discussion of a climate driver has an ‘example/exploration’ segment, where the information is applied to several cities. The module also examines a scheme for classifying the world’s climate zones, the sources and uses of climate information, and some of its limitations. The module is intended for a wide range of users, from forecasters and scientists to those in business and government as well as the general public—in short, anyone interested in learning about climatology. Some familiarity with basic meteorology is useful although not required.

Objectives:
• Define the terms climate and climatology and differentiate them from weather.
• Describe the key drivers that determine climate regimes at the global-, synoptic-, and meso-scale levels.
• Describe how climate zones are classified and how the classifications can be used to relate similar regimes.
• Describe the general uses and limitations of climatological data.
Identify climatologic data sources.

Estimated time to complete: 1 h

Includes audio: yes

Required plug-ins:   Flash RealPlayer Java Adobe® Reader®
 * Plug-in information

Last published on: 2008-09-22

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Description:
In this webcast, Diane Cooper, with the Southern Region Headquarters of NOAA’s National Weather Service, provides a basic scientific description of the physical processes, mathematical equations, and data issues with respect to distributed hydrologic models. Ms. Cooper first explains the background of hydrologic modeling and how that influences the current state-of-the-art for distributed hydrologic modeling. She then describes the physical process that distributed hydrologic models are attempting to capture and covers a few basic mathematical equations related to these models. She also identifies modeling challenges related to the complexity, calibration, and large data requirements, and gives an overview of the results to date of distributed hydrologic models used at the NWS. The target audience for this module is NWS forecasters who have little or no training in hydrology but can benefit from knowing how distributed hydrologic models work.

Objectives:
* Explain the attributes of current operational lumped models
* Describe the basic attributes of and reasons for using a distributed model
* Describe the implementation process of Distributed Hydrologic Modeling System (DHMS) in the National Weather Service
* Describe preliminary results of Distributed Hydrologic Modeling
* Explain sample Distributed Hydrologic Modeling (DHM) graphical output & other potential products
* Describe expected future development of Distributed Hydrologic Modeling within the NWS

Estimated time to complete: 1 hr

Includes audio: yes

Required plug-ins:   Flash RealPlayer Java Adobe® Reader®
 * Plug-in information

Last published on: 2008-08-04

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Description:
This webcast is a shorter companion to the Ensemble Prediction Explained module, focusing more directly on immediate operational needs. Introductory content includes the role of ensemble forecasts, presentation of basic ensemble forecasting terms, and discussion of how ensemble prediction systems (EPSs) are created. The largest section is focused on common ensemble forecast products, including how they differ from traditional NWP products, how we interpret ensemble forecast products, the advantages and limitations of each product, how EPS products are verified, and how to use ensemble products in conjunction with one another to increase your understanding of forecast uncertainty. Finally, three brief cases from cold and warm seasons illustrate the use of ensemble products in the forecast process.

Objectives:
1. State the benefits of including ensemble model forecasts in the NWP product suite.


2. Define the following terms used in ensemble forecasting:


* Ensemble perturbation

* Ensemble member

* Control forecast

* Perturbation forecast

* Ensemble Prediction System (EPS)


3. Describe three methods commonly used to produce the members of an EPS.


4. Describe how ensemble forecast products differ from traditional NWP products.


5. Interpret ensemble forecast products to determine the probabilistic EPS forecast.


* Interpret spaghetti plots, mean and spread plots, probability of exceedance plots, most likely or dominant event plots, plume diagrams, box and whisker diagrams, and ensemble soundings.

* State advantages and limitations to each of the above products.


6. Use ensemble products in conjunction with one another to increase your understanding of forecast uncertainty.


7. Use ensemble verification products to evaluate the performance of an EPS, including reliability and Talagrand diagrams.

Estimated time to complete: 59 min

Includes audio: yes

Required plug-ins:   Flash RealPlayer Java Adobe® Reader®
 * Plug-in information

Last published on: 2005-06-27

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Description:
This website provides an overview of factors that affect the ignition and spread of wildfire. Information is presented with 3-dimensional graphics and animations as well as audio descriptions and commentary provided by a fire behavior expert. You don't need extensive background in fire science or weather forecasting to use this site.

Estimated time to complete:

Includes audio: yes

Required plug-ins:   Flash RealPlayer Java Adobe® Reader®
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Last published on: 2002-08-21

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Description:
This module discusses the origin of ocean currents in both the open ocean and in coastal areas. The module focuses on the driving mechanisms for currents, along with influences that modify existing currents. Driving mechanisms include wind, horizontal density differences, and tides, while modifying effects include friction, bathymetry, and the Ekman spiral. The module concludes with a demonstration of data products and a brief overview of forecast considerations.

Objectives:
After completing this module, the learner should be able to do the following things:

1. Identify the locations of the major and minor ocean currents and describe their origin
1. List the factors that cause ocean currents
2. Describe how each factor influences ocean currents
2. Characterize open-ocean currents in terms of temperature, volume (transport), and speed.
3. Describe the origin of strong horizontal and vertical temperature, salinity, and density gradients in both open ocean and coastal ocean environments.
4. Describe the effects of friction, bathymetry, and Coriolis force on ocean currents in both open ocean and coastal ocean environments.
5. Explain the role of ocean currents in the global distribution of heat (i.e., the earth's heat budget).
1. Define global meridional overturning circulation (MOC)
2. Describe the origin of North Atlantic Deep Water and Antarctic Bottom Water
6. Describe current prediction methods and forecast considerations

Estimated time to complete: 2 h

Includes audio: yes

Required plug-ins:   Flash RealPlayer Java Adobe® Reader®
 * Plug-in information

Last published on: 2007-10-04

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Description:
Oceans cover over 70% of the surface of the earth, yet many details of their workings are not fully understood. To better understand and forecast the state of the ocean, we rely on numerical ocean models. Ocean models combine observations and physics to predict the ocean temperature, salinity, and currents at any time and any place across the ocean basins. This module will discuss what goes into numerical ocean models, including model physics, coordinate systems, parameterization, initialization, and boundary conditions.

Objectives:
1. Explain the similarities and differences between ocean and atmospheric modeling.
2. Explain the physical laws and processes that must be considered in developing an ocean model.
3. Explain how the physical properties of the ocean differ from those of the atmosphere.
4. Explain the processes that are built into a numerical ocean model.
5. Explain how resolution and scale are important to global, regional, and local ocean models.
6. Describe a numerical model and how it can be used as a prediction tool.
7. Explain how real-time observations and climatology contribute to ocean models.

Estimated time to complete: 1-2 h

Includes audio: yes

Required plug-ins:   Flash RealPlayer Java Adobe® Reader®
 * Plug-in information

Last published on: 2007-08-06

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Description:
Ocean tides profoundly impact coastal maritime operations. This module provides an introduction to the origin, characteristics, and prediction of tides. After introducing common terminology, the module examines the mechanisms that cause and modify tides, including both astronomical and meteorological effects. A discussion of tide prediction techniques and products concludes the module. This module includes rich graphics, audio narration, embedded interactions, and a companion print version.

Objectives:
1. List and define terms used to describe tides.
2. List and define the forces that cause and modify tides.
3. Define tidal constituents.
4. Describe tidal datum and why it is important.
5. Describe tide prediction methods
6. Explain when to use tidal observations vs. models

Estimated time to complete: 45 min

Includes audio: yes

Required plug-ins:   Flash RealPlayer Java Adobe® Reader®
 * Plug-in information

Last published on: 2006-09-22

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Description:
The effective use of climate data and products requires an understanding of what the statistical parameters mean and which parameters best summarize the data for particular climate variables. This module addresses both concerns, taking a two-pronged approach: 1) focusing on the statistical parameters (mean, median, mode, extreme values, percent frequency of occurrence and time, range, standard deviation, and data anomalies), defining what they mean and how they are calculated using climate data as examples, and 2) focusing on weather and climate variables, identifying the statistical parameters that best represent each one. The module concludes with a discussion of data quality and its impact on weather and climate products. The module is intended for forecasters and others interested in improving their understanding of the basic statistics used in climate products so they can make better use of climatology products for planning and operational purposes. Basic knowledge of meteorology is beneficial although not required. This module is part of COMET’s Climatology for Forecasters series.

Objectives:
1. Define mean, mode, frequency of occurrence and time, extreme value, range, standard deviation, and data anomalies.
2. Using climate data, calculate each statistical parameter (other than standard deviation).
3. Understand which statistical parameters best describe various climate variables.
4. Describe the impacts of data quality on climatology products.

Estimated time to complete: 90 min

Includes audio: no

Required plug-ins:   Flash RealPlayer Java Adobe® Reader®
 * Plug-in information

Last published on: 2008-10-09

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Description:
This webcast introduces the forecaster to the new multiple-forecast-center North American Ensemble Forecast System (NAEFS). Beginning with a brief review of the theory behind ensemble prediction, this presentation then introduces the elements of the NAEFS. These include the U.S. National Centers for Environmental Prediction’s Global Ensemble Forecast System (GEFS) and the Canadian Meteorological Center’s Ensemble Forecast System (CEFS). A description of each separate ensemble system is followed by a discussion of how the NAEFS improves the ensemble forecast over either the GEFS or CEFS alone. Next, the post-processed statistical products from the NAEFS are described, with examples, and some caveats are provided about their use. Finally, cold and warm season case examples are presented in the final section.

Objectives:
* Recall why we use ensemble forecast systems (EFSs)
* List the ensemble prediction systems the NAEFS is built from and their characteristics
* List the characteristics of the EFSs used to create NAEFS
* Explain why NAEFS performs better than the EFSs comprising it
* Find NAEFS products and data available for download or viewing on the internet
* Effectively use NAEFS products in forecasts for your local area

Estimated time to complete: 1.00 - 1.25 h

Includes audio: yes

Required plug-ins:   Flash RealPlayer Java Adobe® Reader®
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Last published on: 2009-08-25

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Description:
Chapter 10, Tropical Cyclones, is the third published chapter of the online textbook, Introduction to Tropical Meteorology. Tropical cyclones are the deadliest tropical weather systems. This chapter describes their seasonal and geographic variability and controls, decadal cycles, and history of naming conventions. Tropical cyclogenesis is explored in depth and the core and balance solutions for regions of the cyclone are examined. Intensity is considered in terms of inner-core dynamics, large-scale environmental controls, limits on potential intensity, satellite interpretation techniques, and classification by wind speed. Factors that influence motion are investigated. Extratropical transition is described in terms of structural changes, preceding mechanisms, and impact on high latitudes. Societal impacts and mitigation are also covered.

Objectives:
At the end of this chapter, you should understand and be able to:

* Describe tropical cyclone global climatology (where and when they form, where most form, least, or none form)
* Identify distinguishing features of tropical cyclones (eye, eyewall, spiral bands, surface inflow, upper outflow)
* Identify inner core features such as eye-wall vortices
* Describe ingredients needed for formation or genesis (including subtropical genesis)
* Define the stages of a tropical cyclone lifecycle (wave, depression, tropical storm, tropical cyclone, severe tropical cyclone, decay)
* Using satellite remote sensing, describe how you could detect changes in intensity of tropical cyclones
* Describe the links found between inner core dynamics and changes in cyclone structure and intensity
* Describe the mechanisms that influence tropical cyclone motion from its precursor tropical wave to its landfall in a midlatitude continent
* Describe various mechanisms that lead to extratropical transition
* Describe the hazards of tropical cyclones particularly those at landfall (storm surge, heavy rain and floods, strong winds, tornadoes, ocean waves) and understand the basic mechanisms for each type of hazard

Estimated time to complete: 5 h

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Last published on: 2008-08-21

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Description:
Chapter 3: Tropical Remote Sensing Applications, is the first published chapter of the online textbook, "Introduction to Tropical Meteorology." It covers remote sensing—the primary method of observing weather and climate across the global tropics. Learners will become familiar with the scientific basis and applications of radar and satellite remote sensing from examples in which clouds and precipitation are observed by measuring microwave signals using ground-based radar, spaceborne radar, and satellite radiometers. Wind estimation, dust and volcanic ash tracking, vertical sounding techniques, and remote measurement of sea-surface, soil and land surface properties are also covered. The online textbook has many special features, including individual chapter review questions and quiz, topic focus sections, direct access to operational forecasting topics, box sections that elaborate on theoretical concepts, links to resources for further study, critical thinking questions interspersed throughout the text, icons that identify resource links and critical thinking exercises, and science biographies.

Objectives:
At the end of this chapter, users should understand and be able to describe:

* Why remote sensing is important in the tropics
* Several tropical applications of ground-based radars
* The advantages and limitations of airborne and spaceborne radar
* Several tropical meteorology applications of satellite radar and microwave remote sensing
* The benefits and weaknesses of satellite estimates of water vapor content
* How GPS satellite signals are used to derive temperature and humidity profiles and how this benefits tropical meteorology
* The benefits and weaknesses of satellite precipitation estimates
* How lightning is detected by satellite
* The benefits and weaknesses of satellite wind estimation
* Why microwave sensors are useful for identifying surface moisture
* How vegetation and other land use/land cover changes are monitored by satellite
* How meteorologically important features, such as cloud properties, are monitored with satellite imagery
* How satellites are used for air quality assessment, such as dispersion of volcanic ash, chemical pollutants, dust, and smoke

Estimated time to complete: 100-110 mins

Includes audio: no

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Last published on: 2007-08-31

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Description:
Chapter 5, Tropical Variability, is the fourth published chapter of the online textbook, Introduction to Tropical Meteorology. This chapter presents an overview of the major cycles dominating intraseasonal and interannual variability in the tropics. Characteristic atmospheric and oceanic patterns for each oscillation are presented and methods for tracking the evolution of these cycles are described. Observations and conceptual models of equatorial waves are presented. Classical solutions for equatorial waves are outlined and the effects of moisture on the expression of these waves are discussed. Since the tropics are not an isolated region of the globe, the impacts of these cycles on higher latitudes are also explored. In view of the recent interest on the effects of long-term climate variability, the potential role of multidecadal oscillations in modulating these shorter cycles is discussed.

Objectives:
At the end of this chapter, you should understand and be able to:
o Describe the basic structure and time scale of the MJO
o Discuss the mechanisms that form the MJO
o Explain the role of the MJO in atmospheric and oceanic variability
o Describe the general characteristics of equatorial waves (Kelvin waves, Rossby waves, Mixed Rossby-Gravity waves) including length scale, duration, and speed
o Explain equatorial wave formation mechanisms graphically or mathematically
o Describe the Walker Circulation
o Define the Southern Oscillation Index
o Describe ENSO in terms of onset, maximum amplitude, and duration
o Describe the previous and current theories of ENSO (from Bjerknes to recent theories such as the delayed oscillator theory or chaotic theory)
o Compare and contrast the warm phase (El Niño) and cold phase (La Niña) patterns in terms of atmospheric and oceanic anomalies across the equatorial Pacific
o Describe at least five climate impacts of El Niño (e.g., drought in Australia, heavy rains in Peru, more winter cyclones across the southern US and the Caribbean, less hurricanes in the Atlantic)
o Describe at least five climate impacts of La Niña (e.g., increased rainfall in West Pacific, drier winter in the southeastern US, wetter summers in the Caribbean and Central America)
o Define the Quasi Biennial Oscillation
o Describe its impact on tropical climate (e.g., influencing seasonal tropical cyclone formation)
o Provide a brief description of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation, the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation, and the North Atlantic Oscillation
o Describe at least one mechanism by which the tropics can force decadal extratropical variability in the North Atlantic and the North Pacific
o Describe at least one impact of decadal fluctuations on interannual and intraseasonal variability

Estimated time to complete: 2 - 3 h

Includes audio: yes

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Last published on: 2009-03-19

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Description:
Chapter 6, The Distribution of Moisture and Precipitation, is the second published chapter of the online textbook, Introduction to Tropical Meteorology. Moisture and precipitation distribution governs life in the tropics. Surplus heating and rising motion in the tropics ignites the global water and energy cycles and influences weather in the midlatitudes. Chapter 6 presents the horizontal and vertical distribution of water vapor, tropical cloud formation and distribution, the lifecycle and precipitation characteristics of tropical mesoscale convective systems, and the variability of tropical precipitation on yearly, seasonal, and hourly time-scales. The online textbook has many special features including individual chapter review questions and quiz, topic focus sections, direct access to operational forecasting topics, box sections that elaborate on theoretical concepts, links to resources for further study, critical thinking questions interspersed throughout the text, icons that identify resource links and critical thinking exercises, and science biographies.

Objectives:
At the end of this chapter, you should understand and be able to describe:

* Why water vapor is important to weather and climate in the tropics
* The range and distribution of water vapor content in the tropics
* The distribution of evaporation and evapotranspiration rates in the tropics
* The formation of tropical clouds by convection
* The general pattern of cloud distribution in the tropics
* The typical profiles of potential temperature (Theta) and equivalent potential temperature (Theta-e) in the tropical atmosphere
* How the Saharan Air Layer and other dry intrusions changes the vertical distribution of moisture thermodynamic energy
* The concept of moist and dry static (thermodynamic) energy and its vertical distribution in the tropics
* How the vertical distribution of moist static energy varies with different modes of convection
* The differences between convective and stratiform rain in tropical mesoscale convective systems
* The effects of continental and maritime aerosols on tropical precipitation
* The geographic distribution of annual tropical precipitation and its variability
* The factors that influence the geographic distribution of tropical precipitation
* The seasonal distribution of precipitation in the tropics and unique regional patterns
* The differences between the diurnal cycle of tropical precipitation over land and over ocean, including the influential factors
* Unique characteristics of the diurnal cycle during the equatorial transition seasons (spring and autumn)
* The factors that influence the amount and location of rainfall on yearly and multi-year time scales

You should also be able to identify and describe:

* The factors that influence evaporation and evapotranspiration rates
* The dominant cloud types in the tropics
* The typical zonal and meridional distribution of cloud depth over the tropical oceans

Estimated time to complete: 1.5-2 h

Includes audio: yes

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Last published on: 2008-03-19

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Description:
This module offers a comprehensive description of a set of common verification measures for hydrologic forecasts, both deterministic and probabilistic. Through use of rich illustrations, animations, and interactions, this module explains how these verification measures can provide valuable information to users with varying needs. In addition to providing a measure of how well a forecast matches observations, verification measures can be used to help forecasters and users learn about the strengths and weaknesses of a forecast.

Objectives:
• Explain key reasons for performing hydrologic verification and explain important concepts and terminology.
o Define key motivations and purposes of performing forecast verification.
o Explain the need for multiple measures, and why the concept of a “good” forecast is problematic.
o Define and explain the concepts of deterministic and probabilistic forecasts.
o Recognize the seven topics for hydrologic verification and their associated verification measures as created by the NWS Verification Systems Requirements Team.
• Describe key concepts related to the distribution properties of forecasts and observations.
o Define and apply concepts of mean, variance, and standard deviation.
o Describe the purpose of Cumulative Distribution Functions and Probability Density Functions and interpret them.
o Describe the use of the Interquartile Range (IQR) and explain its appropriateness for hydrologic forecast verification.
o Describe the application of a rank histogram to provide useful information about ensemble forecasts.
• Describe key concepts related to measures of forecast confidence.
o Describe how sample size relates to forecast confidence.
o Explain information provided by the confidence interval.
o Define the relationship between confidence level and confidence interval.
o Describe how the confidence interval might be used for statistics.
• Describe key concepts related to correlation measures for forecasts and observations.
o Define correlation.
o Interpret scatter plots to obtain information on correlation.
o Explain use of correlation coefficients.
• Describe key concepts related to categorical forecasts.
o Explain how categorical forecast verification can be applied to either deterministic or probabilistic forecasts.
o Construct and interpret a simple contingency table.
o Describe the meaning of verification statistics that are computed from a contingency table.
o Describe how more complex contingency tables can be used to compute statistics for forecasts associated with more than two categories.
o Explain under what circumstances one would use a Brier Score versus the Ranked Probability Score.
o Explain application of a Brier Score.
o Describe purpose of a Ranked Probability Score.
o Interpret the plot of a Ranked Probability Score.
o Describe key concepts related to error statistics
o Describe use of the Continuous Ranked Probability Score (CRPS).
o Describe the appropriate uses for Mean Absolute Error (MAE), Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) and Mean Error (ME).
o Define forecast bias and explain how it is measured.
• Describe key concepts related to forecast skill and how it provides additional information over error statistics
o Describe the general formulation of a skill score.
o Demonstrate the computation of skill scores associated with Root Mean Squared Error, Brier Score, and Ranked Probability Score.
• Describe key concepts related to conditional verification measures.
o Explain the difference between forecast reliability and forecast discrimination.
o Describe how reliability measures and diagrams can help with verifying conditional forecasts.
o Explain what reliability diagrams show.
o Define forecast sharpness.
o Explain what an attributes diagram shows.
o Interpret a discrimination diagram.
o Interpret a Relative Operating Characteristic (ROC) diagram.

Estimated time to complete: 2h

Includes audio: yes

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Last published on: 2008-06-30

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Description:
This Webcast features Phil Schumacher, NWS Sioux Falls, South Dakota discussing the conditions that dictate the location of precipitation relative to inverted troughs. Phil presents a composite case study based on collaborative research with Dr. R. Weisman and others, as well as two examples of inverted trough events in the Central Plains. This presentation is based on his presentation at the MSC Winter Weather Course, December 2002, in Boulder, Colorado. The webcast is accompanied by a case exercise, Inverted Trough Case Exercise.

Objectives:
1. Describe inverted troughs and their associated precipitating features.
2. Present the results of a composite inverted trough study, based on the differences between inverted troughs that produce precipitation ahead vs. behind the trough.
3. Demonstrate the use of isentropic techniques in diagnosing important inverted trough features.
4. Look at several case studies demonstrating the impact of inverted troughs on precipitation distributions.

Estimated time to complete: 60 min

Includes audio: yes

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Last published on: 2004-01-29

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Description:
This exercise follows the progression of a winter weather event across the Central Plains states beginning 1200 UTC on 7 March 1999. Each forecast question is accompanied by Eta model data and includes a forecast discussion by Phil Schumacher, NWS Sioux Falls, South Dakota. This exercise compliments the Webcast, Inverted Troughs and their Associated Precipitation Regimes, based on a presentation by Phil Schumacher at the MSC Winter Weather Course, December 2002, in Boulder Colorado.

Objectives:
1. Identify whether precipitation will be primarily ahead or behind an inverted by applying the conceptual model of inverted trough precipitation organization.

2. Use isentropic analysis to view the affect inverted troughs have on moisture transport and the implied lift associated with inverted troughs.

3. Use the conceptual model of inverted trough precipitation organization to determine the approximate beginning and ending time for significant precipitation associated with inverted troughs.

Estimated time to complete: 45 min

Includes audio: no

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Last published on: 2004-01-29

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Description:
This Webcast, presented by Dr. Jim Moore of St. Louis University, covers the advantages and applications of diagnosis and visualization of large-scale flow and vertical motion on surfaces of constant potential temperature. The movement of moisture along these surfaces is emphasized, as is the diagnosis of the components of vertical motion. Background mathematical concepts are presented, then illustrated with soundings, cross sections, and plan view analyses of data from multiple cases.

Objectives:
1. Understand the concepts of pressure advection and system relative flow.

2. Understand dynamic destabilization and associated environmental moistening.

3. Diagnose static stability, upper fronts and CSI in this framework.

4. Examine at frontogenesis and transverse jet streak circulations on vertical cross sections with analyzed potential temperature fields.

5. Examine the components of vertical motion in an isentropic framework.

6. Compare the advantages and disadvantages of isentropic analysis.

7. Examine a wintertime case study utilizing isentropic analysis.

Estimated time to complete: 1 h

Includes audio: yes

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Last published on: 2002-11-19

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Description:
Altimeters onboard satellites such as Jason-2 measure sea surface height and other characteristics of the ocean surface. These characteristics are linked to underlying processes and structures, making altimetry data useful for understanding the full depth of the global ocean. This 75-minute module explores major discoveries made possible by altimetry data in oceanography, marine meteorology, the marine geosciences, climate studies, the cryosphere, and hydrology. For example, altimeters have played a vital role in detecting and monitoring sea level rise and its relation to climate change. The module also describes many of the practical applications of altimetry data, for example, in hurricane forecasting and monitoring climate events such as ENSO. Finally, the module describes Jason-2, which was launched in 2008, its products and services, and the Ocean Surface Topography Mission (OSTM), of which it is a part. OSTM is a collaboration between EUMETSAT and CNES (Europe) and NOAA and NASA (United States).

Objectives:
After completing this module, learners will be able to:

* Briefly describe how satellite altimetry works
* Identify major scientific discoveries enabled by satellite altimetry in various ocean-related fields
* Describe the varied applications of altimetry data
* Identify the goals of the Ocean Surface Topography Mission (OSTM) and Jason-2
* List the basic performance capabilities of Jason-2

Estimated time to complete: 1.00 - 1.25 h

Includes audio: yes

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Last published on: 2009-06-25

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Description:
This Webcast is based on a presentation given by Dr. James T. Moore of Saint Louis University at the 5th Annual MSC/COMET Winter Weather Workshop on 30 November 2004 in Boulder, Colorado. Dr. Moore reviews many aspects of jet streak dynamics including convergence/divergence, ageostrophic winds, propagation, and coupled jets.

Objectives:
• Define "jetstreak"
• Note the divergence associated with upper-level waves
• Describe the relationship of divergence with vertical windshear
• Describe the relationship of the ageostrophic wind components with upper-level and low-level jets
• Compare the direct thermal circulation in the entrance region with the indirect thermal circulation in the exit region of an upper-level jet
• Identify how the curvature of an upper-level jet affects divergence and convergence
• Describe the impact thermal advection has on vertical motion and entrance and exit circulations
• Gain an understanding of the characteristics of unbalanced jets and coupled jets

Estimated time to complete: 50 min

Includes audio: yes

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Last published on: 2005-04-25

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Description:
Landfalling cyclones and their attendant fronts significantly impact the structure of mesoscale wind and precipitation fields along the west coast of North America. This module focuses on the complex interaction of the wind field with topography and the resulting effects on nearshore winds and precipitation. For example, prefrontal conditions may lead to flow blocking, development of a barrier jet, and seaward displacement of the maximum precipitation. Postfrontal conditions tend to promote windward ridging and lee troughing, which enhance along-coast flow.

Objectives:

Performance Objectives

After completing the module, the learner should be able to do the following tasks:

• Describe the conditions under which flow becomes blocked by topography.


• Given the wind speed, stability (Brunt-Vaisala Frequency), and mountain height, determine whether flow will be blocked by topography.


• Describe how the angle between a landfalling front and the coastline
  affects the flow/topography interaction.


• Describe how the prefrontal environment may experience enhanced stability.


• Describe the conditions that lead to formation of a barrier jet.


• Describe the change in the pressure field as cold fronts make landfall.


• Given a landfalling front under conditions conducive to flow blocking,
  describe the anticipated effects on the motion of the cold front, the
  wind field, and the precipitation field.


• Given a landfalling front under conditions that are not conducive
  to flow blocking, describe the anticipated effects on the motion of
  the cold front, the wind field, and the precipitation field.


• Describe the advantages in using a high-resolution model to forecast the
  effects of landfalling fronts, compared to lower-resolution models.

Estimated time to complete: 1.5 h

Includes audio: yes

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Last published on: 2006-05-24

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